*Urban Issues and Challenges (Paper 2) Flashcards

Question

How have **social problems** in Rio been **solved**?

Answer 1

**1. Health care** - medical staff have taken medical kits to people's homes **2. Education** - encouraging local volunteers to help in schools, opening a university in Rocinha **3. Water supply** - 7 water treatment plants were built. By 2014, 95% of he population had a mains water supply. **4. Energy** - 60km of new power lines installed, developing Simplicio hydro-electric complex which will increase Rio's electricity supply by 30%

Answer 2

**1. Unemployment** - 'Schools of Tomorrow' programme aims to improve education for young people in the poor and violent areas of the city. **2. High levels of informal sector employment** - courses are available for adults who have temporarily left education but want to continue their studies. **3. Crime** - Police Pacifying Units were established to reclaim favelas from drug dealers

Answer 3

**1. Air pollution** - expansion of the metro system (public transport) **2. Traffic congestion** - new toll roads in the city centre **3. Water pollution** - 12 new sewage works have been built, ships fined for dumping waste **4. Waste pollution** - a power plant has been set up using methane gas (biogas) from rotting rubbish.

Answer 4

People working that do not receive a regular wage, making and/ or selling goods/services unofficially, often for ‘cash in hand’. They don’t have a contract, health and safety protection, health insurance or pension schemes. They don’t pay taxes

Answer 5

A squatter settlement that springs up in an area that used to have no houses. (Also called spontaneous settlements).

Answer 6

Someone who settles on land without the legal rights to stay there

Answer 7

Usually in least favourable parts of the city (e.g. steep hillsides or swamp areas)

Answer 8

Usually because of rapid rural-urban migration so governments don’t have time to provide houses, drainage, clean water, schools etc.

Answer 9

**1. Construction** - houses are poorly constructed. Limited road access. **2. Services** - lack of access to basic facilities e.g. no have running water, no electricity, no sewage connections. **3. Unemployment** - 20% are unemployed. Many work in the informal sector. **4. Crime** - There is a high murder rate. Drug gangs often dominate the favelas. **5. Health** - Infant mortality rates are high. Waste cannot be disposed of safely leading to disease.

Answer 10

A name of a squatter settlement in Brazil

Answer 11

Many people have migrated to Brazil in the hope of finding a better life so informal housing (i.e. favelas) have been built to deal with the rapid influx of people.

Answer 12

* 90% of houses are now built with brick and have electricity and clean water. * Many houses have TVs and fridges * Has it owns newspaper and radio station, schools, health facilities and a private university

Answer 13

1. People have been moved to new areas such as Barra da Tijuca to reduce over crowding 2. Developing rural areas to encourage more people to stay in countryside 3. **Favela Bairro Project** - securing hillsides, installing cable cars, access to credit to allow residents to buy materials to improve their homes, Police Pacifying Units to patrol the community for extra security.

Answer 14

POSITIVE: Quality of life, mobility and employment has improved. NEGATIVE: more training needed to improve literacy NEGATIVE: rents in the favelas have now increased and the poorest are now worse off.

Answer 15

There are large concentrations of people living in areas that were once shaped by the Industrial revolution. e.g. in the Central Lowlands (Scotland), North East England e.g. Newcastle, West Yorkshire, South Wales etc where there were supplies of coal and raw materials. London developed because of its position as the capital and its associated political and administrative functions.

Answer 16

* London * Birmingham * Leeds * Glasgow * Sheffield * Liverpool * Manchester * Bristol * Cardiff * Belfast

Answer 17

* Fastest growing cities are in the South East because of the proximity to London. * The only city in the UK where the population has fallen is Sunderland, due to a loss of jobs, forcing people to move away.

Answer 18

* General drift towards the south east of England (London) - one of the world's financial, business and cultural centres. * There has been an increase in the number of migrants entering the UK and settling in large cities * Movement of people from urban to rural areas with larger numbers of older people retiring to the countryside or coast.

Answer 19

Newcastle is located in the North East of England, approximately 15 miles from the coast. It is located on the River Tyne.

Answer 20

* Newcastle contributes £13 billion to the UK economy. * It is home to several top British businesses such as SAGE computing and Greggs. * Newcastle is located on the A1 connecting the city to other major cities. * Newcastle has hosted many international events such as the Rugby World Cup

Answer 21

* Many migrants complete unskilled jobs which fills jobs gap in Newcastle * Many migrants are highly skilled, ensuring we have a diverse economy * Many migrants are young which means that they start families in Newcastle, increasing the population. * Increased pressure housing and services such as healthcare.

Answer 22

* Increased cultural diveristy leading to more opportunites for shared culture and recreational activities i.e. China Town. * Range of cultural experiences are now a regular occurence e.g. Mela festival in West * More enclaves / racial tensions

Answer 23

People from a particular ethnic background will often live in an area of the city, separate from other groups

Answer 24

**Urban greening**: this means providing adequate green space in cities. This has been done in Newcastle: 1. Town Moor - an area of common land. Freemen of the city graze cows on this land. 2. Jesmond Dene - a public park. Home to a petting zoo, cafe and arts fairs. Popular place of walks.

Answer 25

Linked traffic management schemes that provide a ‘door to door’ service to try to rival the use of a car

Answer 26

* China Town - vibrant Chinese culture e.g. restaurants. * The Mela festival based around South Asian cultures, including music, dance and food stalls. * The Ouseburn has many bars and comedy clubs which have a strong connection to Newcastle's indsutrial past.

Answer 27

* Theatre Royal which shows over 400 shows a year. Metro Radio area, the largest indoor arena in the North East. * Eldon Square. * Near to Metro Centre, the second largest shopping centre in the UK. * St James' football stadium

Answer 28

* Increasing employment in service sector after decline of heavy iindustries (coal mining and ship building). * Many jobs now in office, service and retail.

Answer 29

* Nexus underground Metro connects Newcastle to the Coast the Sunderland. * National rail station mean Newcastle is well connected to other locations which encourages visitors to the area.

Answer 30

SPIRAL OF DECLINE: 1. 19th Century: Newcastle was a powerhosue of the Industrial Revolution (ship building, coal mining.) 2. 1970s: 1,500 people lost their jobs when these industries closed. 3. Less money spent in the local economy & competition for near by Metro centre but shops under strain. 4. Increased amounts of brownfield land left over which is unattractive to new businesses *However, The Tyne and Wear Development Coproration (TWDC) injected money into the Newcastle Quayside to improve the area.*

Answer 31

A standard of living that involves a lack of access to services. There are usually visible differences in the housing and opportunities between rich and poor.

Answer 32

1. **Job type**: 29% of people aged 16-64 in North East have a degree or equivalent meaning they work in less professional occupations 2. **Disposable income:** average disposable income of £14,500 (Newcastle) a year compared with England average of £17,800 3. **Unemployment**: in Newcastle, 15% of the working age population are not in work. Many of which are claiming benefits.

Answer 33

A series of negative events that happen as a result of the loss of industry in an area

Answer 34

Newcastle lost its heavy industries of shipbuilding because: 1. River Tyne was not big enough to make the size of the ships needed to trade 2. Ships could be made cheaper in Asia Because a large amount of men were employed in these industries, they lost their jobs which triggered a spiral of decline.

Answer 35

The loss of a industry e.g. manufacturing. This has happened in a lot of big UK cities e.g. Newcastle and Glasgow, Sheffield, Sunderland

Answer 36

1. **Waste**: Huge amounts of waste ends up in landfill despite the council making people separate their rubbish. 2. **Air pollution**: The West Road in Newcastle has been identifed as having illegal levels of air pollution by a government agency. Exposure to higher levels of pollution can cause health problems.

Answer 37

* Derelict land left behind after the closure of heavy industries has left behind large quanitites of brownfield land. * Housing is a big issue in many cities in the UK. Brownfield land may be the ideal location to build on in order to preserve green space. * Though the land is cheaper to buy, it may need to be cleaned up before building on and can have a large amount of industrial scarring which will cost money to repair.

Answer 38

Land that has previously been used, often by industry, that is now abandoned. They are commonly found in inner city areas.

Answer 39

* Land is often cheaper than other inner city land as it has previously been used and requires clean up * Often many sites are available after loss of industry * New developments will improve the look of the area and may encourage new investment.

Answer 40

* Clean up costs due to contamination of the area from previous industry. * Old buildings may need to be knocked down

Answer 41

1. Pollution & waste management 2. Dereliction (increase in brownfield sites) 3. Building on greenfield sites 4. Urban sprawl

Answer 42

An area of land, often in the countryside or the edge of a city, that has not yet been built on.

Answer 43

* Land is free from building so no demolition needs to happen * Land is cheaper as it is further away from the city centre

Answer 44

* Valuable farm land may be lost * Animals habitats are destroyed * Poor transport links exist

Answer 45

A area of open space around a city on which there are strict planning laws to prevent development of this land (prevent urban sprawl).

Answer 46

1. **Extra cost to the tax payer** - taxes will be used to pay for infrastructure such as roads and water works. 2. **Increased traffic** in the area leads to more congestion and pollution. 3. **Environmental issues** - green space is lost which means habitats are lost. 4. **Impact on social lives** - new communities often live further from other communities which can cause isolation.

Answer 47

The area of green space that borders the edge of the city

Answer 48

* It encourages urban sprawl * Derelict land could be used instead to improve inner city areas * It takes up precious green space

Answer 49

A town where the residents usually travel outside of area to work, but stay here to sleep and eat.

Answer 50

Newcastle Great Park

Answer 51

Meeting the needs of the current population without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

Answer 52

**ENVIRONMENTAL**: The environment is not damaged **ECONOMIC**: Resources e.g. water and energy are allocated fairly and jobs are secure) **SOCIAL**: Strong sense of community (local people are involved in local decisions)

Answer 53

* They ‘suck in’ and consume enormous quantities of resources e.g. water, energy, food and raw materials. * They produce enormous amounts of waste. This is usually got rid of in the surrounding land, rivers, sea and air.

Answer 54

* **Historic**: old industrial buildings turned into apartments, rundown housing redeveloped, canals in cities can be rebranded and regenerated as leisure facilities. * **Natural**: more renewable electricity, collect and recycle water (instead of piping it in from reservoirs), run fuel-efficient public transport systems.

Answer 55

1. Provide green space 2. Recycling water 3. Reducing reliance on fossil fuels and rethinking transport options 4. Involving local communities and providing a range of employment 5. Conserving cultural, historical and environmental sites and buildings 6. Minimising the use of greenfield sites by using brownfield sites instead.

Answer 56

Vital to make cities more sustainable. They act like ‘green lungs’ reducing its impact on the environment by absorbing carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen.

Answer 57

* Involve local people in decisions for example from where new houses should be built to how local health and social care services are planned and run. * Encouragement and availability of recycling waste facilities. * Encourage people to generate their own electricity (e.g. solar panels or wind turbines) * Provide adequate greenspace * Encourage people to use less water / recycle

Answer 58

BedZed - Beddington Zero Energy Development

Answer 59

* Building materials that store heat and release it when cool * Natural/ recycled/ reclaimed building materials * South facing homes, North facing office (no air con) * Thick insulation (300mm) * Produce at least as much renewable energy that is consumed * Use heat from cooking and everyday activities for space heating * Low-energy appliances and lighting * Energy tracking meters * Roof gardens * Rainwater harvesting * Green transport plan/ car sharing scheme.

Answer 60

* Recycling water so it can be used again e.g. grey water is water that has been collected in households i.e rainwater can be filtered and used to flush toilets * using renewable sources to generate energy i.e. solar panels on homes * Dual flush on toilets can reduce water used * Water and Smart metres make people aware of their energy useable.

Answer 61

* Getting people to recycle their household waste - separating plastics and paper etc. * Charges for using plastic products deters people from using plastic. * Fines for houses / businesses that don't recycle

Answer 62

* Encourages conservation of animals * Trees are 'green lungs' which means they remove CO₂ from the atmosphere which is essential to reduce global warming * Green spaces protect soil which prevents flooding during heavy rainfall * Green spaces provide an area for recreation

Answer 63

1. Encouraging people to car share 2. Oyster cards in London charge people for the cheapest travel 3. Car scrappage schemes – owners of cars over 10 years are given £2,000 towards a new car if they scrapped their old car. 4. Scratch bikes make it easier for people to hire a bike and use it in no car zones. 5. London's ‘congestion charge’ which charges anyone who drives into the centre of London

Answer 64

1. **Park and ride**: drivers leave cars in a car park on the outskirts of the city and bus into the centre so fewer cars in city centre 2. **Bus lanes**: Lanes for buses and sometimes taxis only so buses aren’t held up, fewer cars on the roads 3. **Trams**: Urban tramways powered by electricity lines so less air pollution. 4. **Congestion charge**: People pay to enter certain zones in the city so people avoid this route by car

Answer 65

Urban regeneration is improving an area which has previously been in decline.

Answer 66

The Quayside

Answer 67

* Declined as a result of competition from overseas industries (ships could be built cheaply in Asia). * Factories and warehouses were left abandoned, land was left derelict or polluted. * High unemployment in the area and the areas had fallen into a cycle of decline.

Answer 68

Creating Newcastle Business Park - £140 million development of office spaces on derelict land. * £2 million to revive 10 major historic buildings along the quayside * Building cultural attractions – the Sage, Baltic and Millennium bridge. * The Tyne and Wear Development Corporation (TWDC) (an urban development group): * Create new business districts or modern offices and industrial estates * Increasing employment through grants and training

Answer 69

* Jobs created in a range of job sectors i.e. services jobs in cafes and bars, high skilled jobs in law courts and businesses. * House prices increased * Attractive to students and young professionals * Increased levels of tourism because of the cultural attractions

*Urban Issues and Challenges (Paper 2) Flashcards

This is a compulsory topic. It covers urban growth in LICs'NEEs, urban change in cities in the UK and urban sustainability. (94 cards)