Valvular Diseases

Question 1

The heart has 4 valves

Answer 1

pulmonary, aortic, tricuspid, mitral

Question 2

Sound of the heart when the tricuspid and mitral valve close

Answer 2

S1

Question 3

Sound of the heart when the aortic and pulmonar valve close

Answer 3

S2

Question 4

Sound of the heart that is pathological

Answer 4

S4

Question 5

Is when the valve doesn’t open properly

Answer 5

stenosis

Question 6

Is when the valve doesn’t close properly

Answer 6

regurgitation

Question 7

Normal aortic valve area:

Answer 7

3.5-4 cm2

Question 8

Symptoms of aortic stenosis

Answer 8

angina pectoris, syncope, heart failure

Question 9

Change in the aortic stenosis when the muscle growth in the inside the heart in the left ventricle

Answer 9

Concentric hypertrophy

Question 10

Characteristic change in aortic stenosis

Answer 10

Compensatory change (concentric hypertrophy)

Question 11

Types of causes of aortic stenosis

Answer 11

Congenital
Rheumatic
Degenerative

Question 12

In congenital aortic stenosis the valve can be

Answer 12

unicuspid, bicuspid or tricuspid

Question 13

Type of cause of aortic stenosis whit abnormal flow can lead to fibrosis and calcification of the leaflets.

Answer 13

congenital

Question 14

Type of cause of aortic stenosis when there are tissue inflammation that results in adhesion and fusing of the commissures

Answer 14

rheumatic

Question 15

Type of cause of aortic stenosis where leaflets become inflexible because of calcium deposition at the bases.

Answer 15

degenerative

Question 16

Failure of the aortic valve to close tightly causes back flow of blood into the left ventricle

Answer 16

aortic regurgitation

Question 17

In aortic regurgitation blood enters the ventricle from

Answer 17

left atrium and from aortic

Question 18

Symptoms of aortic regurgitation

Answer 18

shortness of breath, pulmonary edema, hypotension

Question 19

What happen in aortic regurgitation when the ventricular volume increase?

Answer 19

Increased Wall stress (laplace law)

Aortic pulse is widened

Question 20

In aortic regurgitation de diastolic pressure ____ and de systolic pressure ____

Answer 20

decrease

increase

Question 21

Characteristic change in aortic regurgitation

Answer 21

eccentric hypertrophy

Question 22

Symptoms of mitral stenosis

Answer 22

dyspnea, fatigue, hemoptysis, orthopnea, palpitations, neurologic symptoms

Question 23

Normal mitral valve area:

Answer 23

5-6 cm2

Question 24

Clinically relevant mitral stenosis

Answer 24

<1 cm2

Question 25

Types of causes of mitral stenosis

Answer 25

Rheumatic Calcific Congenital Collagen-vascular disease

Question 26

Is the most common type of cause in mitral stenosis

Answer 26

rheumatic

Question 27

Type of cause in mitral stenosis where narrowing results from fusion and thickening of the commissures, cusps, and chordae tendineae.

Answer 27

rheumatic

Question 28

Type of cause in mitral stenosis present during infancy or childhood

Answer 28

congenital

Question 29

Type of cause in mitral stenosis that is related with LES and RA

Answer 29

collagen-vascular disease

Question 30

Symptoms of mitral regurgitation

Answer 30

pulmonary edema, fatigue, palpitations

Question 31

Blackflow of blood to left ventricule to left atrium

Answer 31

mitral regurgitation

Question 32

The main cause of mitral regurgitation is

Answer 32

pulmonary hypertension

Question 33

Mitral regurgitation could be ____ due to ventricular disfunction

Answer 33

primary or secondary

Question 34

Types of mitral regurgitation

Answer 34

acute | chronic

Question 35

Type of mitral regurgitation where the sistem doesn’t have enough time to compensated the changes so imidiately we have pulmmonary edema

Answer 35

acute

Question 36

Type of mitral regurgitation whit a compensated mechanism so we can enlarge the left atrium and increase of the tick of te wall

Answer 36

chronic

Question 37

Is the inflammation of the endocardium

Answer 37

endocarditis

Question 38

The most common cause of tricuspid stenosis is

Answer 38

rheumatic fever

Question 39

Symptoms of pulmonar regurgitation

Answer 39

``` Fatigue Difficult breathing Hert murmur Arrhythmia Chest pain ```

Question 40

Mention the 3 main layers of the heart

Answer 40

epicardium, myocardium and endocardium

Question 41

The most frequent area affected in endocarditis is the

Answer 41

mitral and aortic valves

Question 42

Causes of endocarditis

Answer 42

bacterial infection on valve bacterial infection on endocardial surface free bacterial "vegetation systemic embolus"

Question 43

If we have a patient with IV drugs with endocarditis, the most affected area is the

Answer 43

tricuspid valve

Question 44

Organisms associated with endocarditis gram-negative bacteria

Answer 44

``` Haemophilus Aggregatibacter Cardiobacterium Eikenella corrodens Kingella ```

Question 45

Infective endocarditis is usually due to this microorganisms

Answer 45

S. viridans | S. aureus

Question 46

Microorganism that don't destroy the valve in infective endocarditis

Answer 46

S. viridans

Question 47

Microorganism that destroy the valve in infective endocarditis

Answer 47

S. aureus