Vertebrates 2 - Classification

Question 2

3 domains

Answer 2

Prokarya, Archaea, Eukarya

Question 3

Kingdoms in Eukarya

Answer 3

Protists, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia

Question 4

Phylum of vertebrates

Answer 4

Chordata (falls under Animalia Kingdom)

Question 5

Breakdown of Chordata

Answer 5

Urochordata (tunicates), Cephalochordata (Amphioxus), Craniata (Hagfish, vertebrates)

Question 6

5 synapomorphies of all chordates (p28)

Answer 6

Pharyngeal pouches, Notochord, Endostyle, Hollow Nerve chord, postanal muscular tail

Question 7

Pharyngeal pouches

Answer 7

Becomes parts of gills, or inner ear.

Question 8

Endostyle

Answer 8

groove in pharynx. In some vertebrates it becomes part of thyroid; other just stays as a groove.

Question 9

Notochord

Answer 9

Fibrous tissue like cartilage that acts as a support for the body. Found on Dorsal side below the nerve chord. Sometimes found in adult.

Question 10

Hollow Nerve chord

Answer 10

Anterior end may become brain in higher vertebrates

Question 11

Postanal tail

Answer 11

Muscular, past anal opening. Present at some point in development.

Question 12

Urochordata

Answer 12

Sea squirts. Don’t move. Filter feed. Adult doesn’t look like vertebrate, but larva stage is mobile and has all the vertebrate characteristics.

Question 13

Cephalochordata

Answer 13

Lives buried in sand, filter feeding. Possesses chordata characteristics.

Question 14

Are Urochordata or Cephalochordata more closely related to Craniata?

Answer 14

Actually Urochordata (genomic comparison).

Question 15

Craniata

Answer 15

Has a cranium (brain case); Cephalization (specialized sensory structures at anterior end)

Question 16

Craniata categories

Answer 16

Hagfish and vertebrates.

Question 17

Craniates synapomorphies

Answer 17

Neural crest cells; brain case; complex sense organs; tripartite brain; complex endocrine system; muscularization of the gut tube; differentiation of digestive system; multichambered heart; type of hemoglobin

Question 18

Neural Crest cells

Answer 18

Become part of peripheral nervous system. Develop during development

Question 19

Tripartite brain

Answer 19

A true brain. Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain.

Question 20

How are vertebrates classified?

Answer 20

Generally by shared anatomical characteristics; in last 20 years we use molecular comparisons.

Question 21

Examples of shared anatomical characteristics (p15)

Answer 21

Amniotic egg, hair, endothermy, viviparity, marsupium.

Question 22

Closest living relative of whales and dolphins?

Answer 22

The hippo and other even-toed ungulates like deer (archyodactyls). Determined by molecular phylogeny.

Question 23

Gnathostome

Answer 23

Organism with a Jaw. Includes all vertebrates except agnathians (lampreys and hagfish)

Question 24

Importance of Extinct Animals

Answer 24

fig 3-2

Question 25

Agnatha

Answer 25

Jawless fish, about 120 species. Hagfish and lampreys (closely related).

Question 26

Hagfish

Answer 26

mixiniformes. Benthic, scavengers. Do not have vertebrae. Only a notochord to support the body which is not as specialized as a real vertebral column. Secrete lots of mucus as defense.

Question 27

Lamprey

Answer 27

petromyzontiformes. Open ocean and benthic. Sometimes parasitic.

Question 28

Chondrichthyes

Answer 28

Cartilaginous fish. No bone, just calcified cartilage. Sharks and Rays (and Ratfish and chimeras). Large, diverse group, 1000 species.

Question 29

Osteichthyes

Answer 29

Bony fish. Bone replaces cartilage. 29000 species. 3 main groups: Ray-finned fishes (majority). Coelacanths and Lungfishes (only 8 species), have fleshy fins with more bones (more similar to an arm).

Question 30

Names for Ray-finned fish, Coelacanths and lungfishes

Answer 30

Actinopterygii, actinistia, dipnoi

Question 31

Amphibia

Answer 31

6500 species. Anurans (frogs - no tail); Salamander (Urodela), Caecillians (legless amphibians). Live part of life in water and part in land.

Question 32

Reptilia

Answer 32

8200 species. Testudinae (turtles, torteses), Lepidosaura (snakes and lizards), Crocodilia. Thicker skin, more developed lungs.

Question 33

Aves

Answer 33

10000 species. Ratites (flightless), and Neognatha (all others, including penguins). Feathers, high metabolism, 4 chambered heart, light skeleton, wings.

Question 34

Mammalia

Answer 34

5500 species. Monotreams (echidna, platypus - no teats, rather pores), metatheria (marsupials - pouch - birth to underdeveloped young), eutheria. Mammary glands, hair.

Question 35

Vertebrate evolution timeline

Answer 35

Pikaia 570mya, Jawless fish 450mya, Jawed 415mya, First tetrapods 350 mya, First amniotes 300mya, First dinos 250mya, mammals 200mya, birds 140mya,

Question 36

Anatomical terminology

Answer 36

Anterior/rostral, caudal/posterior for most animals (use this for humans too). Sagittal (L/R), frontal (feet on bottom, back on top), and transverse (cross section)