VFI-L2-mental and physical development Flashcards
crawl (verb)
/krɔl/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they crawl
he / she / it crawls
past simple crawled
-ing form crawling
1- [intransitive] (+ adv./prep.) to move forward on your hands and knees, with your body close to the ground
*Our baby is just starting to crawl.
2- [intransitive] (+ adv./prep.) when an insect crawls, it moves forward on its legs
*There’s a spider crawling up your leg.
3- [intransitive] (+ adv./prep.) to move forward very slowly
*The traffic was crawling along.
(خزیدن، سینه خیز رفتن؛ آهسته حرکت کردن)
tie a shoelace
shoelace (noun)
(ʃuˌleɪs)
-a length of cord, leather, etc. used for lacing and fastening a shoe.
*He began to tie his shoelaces.
infant (noun)
/ˈɪnfənt/
(formal or )
—
toddler (noun)
/ˈtɑdlər/
-(law) a baby, especially a very young one
*a day care center for infants
*their infant son
(نوزاد)
—
-a child who has only recently learned to walk
gesture (verb)
/ˈdʒɛstʃər/ , /ˈdʒɛʃtʃər/
[intransitive, transitive]
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they gesture
he / she / it gestures
past simple gestured
-ing form gesturing
—
gesture (noun)
/ˈdʒɛstʃər/
- to move your hands, head, face, etc. as a way of expressing what you mean or want
*(+ adv./prep.) // “I see you read a lot,” he said, gesturing at the wall of books.
—
1- [countable, uncountable] a movement that you make with your hands, your head, or your face to show a particular meaning
*He made a rude gesture at the driver of the other car.
2- [countable] something that you do or say to show a particular feeling or intention
*They sent some flowers as a gesture of sympathy to the parents of the child.
(ژست، اشاره (مخصوصا با دست یا سر),حرکت، اشارات و حرکات در موقع سخن گفتن، وضع، رفتار، ژست، قیافه، ادا)
intended (adjective)
/ɪnˈtɛndəd/
[only before noun]
—
intend (verb)
/ɪnˈtɛnd/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they intend
he / she / it intends
past simple intended
-ing form intending
1- that you are trying to achieve or reach
*the intended purpose
2-planned or designed for someone or something
*intended for somebody/something// The book is intended for children.
(تعیین شده، نامزد)
—
1- [intransitive, transitive] to have a plan, result, or purpose in your mind when you do something
*We finished later than we had intended.
2- [transitive] to plan that something should have a particular meaning
= mean
*intend something (by something)// What exactly did you intend by that remark?
(قصد انجام کاری داشتن,قصد کردن، خیال داشتن، فهمیدن، معنی دادن، بر آن بودن، خواستن)
independent (adjective)
/ˌɪndɪˈpɛndənt/
—
independently (adverb)
*independently (of somebody/something) //The two departments work independently of each other.
tricycle (oun)
/ˈtraɪsɪkl/
(informal trike)
- a vehicle, used especially by small children, that is similar to a bicycle, but with one wheel at the front and two at the back
make-believe (noun) / imagination
[uncountable]
1- (disapproving) imagining or pretending things to be different or more exciting than they really are
= fantasy
*They live in a world of make-believe
2- imagining that something is real, or that you are someone else, for example in a child’s game
*“Let’s play make-believe,” said Sam.
middle-childhood
immature (adjective)
/ˌɪməˈtʃʊr/
—
immaturity (noun [uncountable])
/ˌɪməˈtʃʊrət̮i/
1- behaving in a way that is not sensible and is typical of people who are much younger
*immature behavior
2- not fully developed or grown
*immature plants
&Opposite mature
appear (verb)
/əˈpɪr/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they appear
he / she / it appears
past simple appeared
-ing form appearing
1- linking verb (not used in the progressive tenses) to give the impression of being or doing something
= seem
*+ adj.// She didn’t appear at all surprised at the news.
2- [intransitive] to start to be seen
*Three days later a rash appeared.
3- [intransitive] + adv./prep. to begin to exist or be known or used for the first time
*When did mammals appear on the earth?
4- [intransitive] + adv./prep. to be published or broadcast
*His new book will be appearing in the spring.
5- [intransitive] + adv./prep. to take part in a movie, play, television program, etc.
*He has appeared in over 60 movies.
6- [intransitive] + adv./prep. to arrive at a place
*By ten o’clock, Lee still hadn’t appeared.
7- [intransitive] + adv./prep. to be written or mentioned somewhere
*Your name will appear at the front of the book.
8- [intransitive] + adv./prep. to be present in court in order to give evidence or answer a charge
*A man who is charged with the murder will appear in court today .
9- [intransitive] appear for/on behalf of somebody to act as someone’s lawyer in court
*Alan Dershowitz is the lawyer appearing for the defendant.
acquire (verb)
/əˈkwaɪər/
(formal)
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they acquire
he / she / it acquires
past simple acquired
-ing form acquiring
= learn a skill
1- acquire something to obtain something by buying or being given it
*The company has just acquired new premises.
2-acquire something to gain something by your own efforts, ability, or behavior
*She has acquired a good knowledge of English.
imitate (verb)
/ˈɪməˌteɪt/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they imitate
he / she / it imitates
past simple imitated
-ing form imitating
= copy
1- imitate somebody/something to copy someone or something
*Her style of painting has been imitated by other artists.
2- imitate somebody to copy the way a person speaks or behaves, in order to amuse people
= mimic
*She knew that the girls used to imitate her and laugh at her behind her back.
unassisted = without help
spontaneous (adjective)
/spɑnˈteɪniəs/
—
spontaneously (adverb)
1- not planned but done because you suddenly want to do it
*a spontaneous offer of help
*The audience burst into spontaneous applause.
2-often doing things without planning to, because you suddenly want to do them
3- (technology) happening naturally, without being made to happen
*spontaneous remission of the disease.
4-done naturally, without being forced or practiced
*a tape recording of spontaneous speech
(خودبه خود,خود انگیز، بی اختیار، فوری)
—
= in a natural, unforced way
*We spontaneously started to dance.
*The bleeding often stops spontaneously.
(خودبخود، به طیب خاطر، بی اختیار)
mastered= developed a skill to high level
phase= stage/ period
*develop (V)—development (n)— developed/ developing/ overdeveloped (adj)
*grow(v)—growth (n)— fully-grow/ overgrown (adj)
*mature/ reach maturity (v)— maturity (n)— mature (adj)
crucial (adjective)
/ˈkruʃl/
—
crucially (adverb)
/ˈkruʃəli/
- extremely important, because it will affect other things
= critical, essential
*a crucial factor/issue/decision
*topics of crucial importance
—
*crucially important
milestone (noun)
/ˈmaɪlstoʊn/
1- (also milepost) a very important stage or event in the development of something
= landmark
*This voyage marked an important milestone in the history of exploration.
2- a stone by the side of a road that shows how far it is to the next town and to other places
(فرسخ شمار، مرحله مهمی از زندگی، مرحله برجسته، با میل خود شمار نشان گذاری کردن)
peer (noun)
/pɪr/
[usually plural] a person who is the same age or who has the same social status as you
*She enjoys the respect of her peers.
*A peer review system is being introduced to help teachers who are experiencing difficulty.
*Children are worried about failing in front of their peers.
appearance (noun)
/əˈpɪrəns/
1- [countable, uncountable] the way that someone or something looks on the outside; what someone or something seems to be
*the physical/outward/external appearance of something
2- [countable, usually singular] the fact of someone or something arriving, especially when it is not expected
*The sudden appearance of a security guard caused them to drop the money and run.
3- [countable, usually singular] the moment at which something begins to exist or starts to be seen or used
*the early appearance of daffodils in spring
4- [countable] an act of appearing in public, especially as a performer, politician, etc., or in court
*President Obama makes frequent public appearances.
5- [countable, usually singular] an act of being published or broadcast
*the appearance of claims about the minister’s private life in the press
self-consciously (adverb)
—
self-consciousness (noun [uncountable])
1- self-conscious (about something) nervous or embarrassed about your appearance or what other people think of you
*He’s always been self-conscious about being so short.
2- (often disapproving) done in a way that shows you are aware of the effect that is being produced
*The humor of the play is self-conscious and contrived.
&Opposite unselfconscious
—-
*She was self-consciously aware of his stare.
spurt (verb)
/spərt/
Verb Forms
present simple I / you / we / they spurt
he / she / it spurts
past simple spurted
-ing form spurting
—
spurt (noun)
/spərt/
1- [intransitive, transitive] (of liquid or flames) to burst or pour out suddenly; to produce sudden powerful streams of liquid or flames
*spurt (from something)// Blood was spurting from her nose.
2- [intransitive] + adv./prep. to increase your speed for a short time to get somewhere faster
*She spurted past me to get to the line first.
—
1- an amount of liquid or flames that comes out of somewhere with great force
*a great spurt of blood
2- a sudden increase in speed, effort, activity, or emotion for a short period of time
*Babies get very hungry during growth spurts.
(جهش ناگهانی، کوشش ناگهانی وکوتاه، جنبش تند وناگهانی، خروج ناگهانی، جوانه زدن، فوران کردن، جهش کرد ن)
clumsy (adjective)
/ˈklʌmzi/
(clumsier, clumsiest)
—
clumsily (adverb)
/ˈklʌmzəli/
—
clumsiness (noun [uncountable])
1- (of people and animals) moving or doing things in a very awkward way
*I spilled your coffee. Sorry—that was clumsy of me.
2- (of actions and statements) done without skill or in a way that offends people
*She made a clumsy attempt to apologize.
3- (of objects) difficult to move or use easily; not well designed.
4-(of processes) awkward; too complicated to understand or use easily
*The complaints procedure is clumsy and time-consuming.
