Virulence Factors

Question 1

opportunistic infection

Answer 1

an infection caused by a microorganism that does NOT usually cause a disease in a health individual

Question 2

nosocomial

Answer 2

hospital acquired

Question 3

_______is the ability of an organism to cause disease

Answer 3

virulence

Question 4

_________are products that the organism generates which enable it to survive and cause disease

Answer 4

virulence factors

Question 5

What are the five steps in the infection process

Answer 5

enter
adhere/colonize
gain access to nutrients
multiply
escape

Question 6

___________is an infection transmitted to a human from an infected animal

Answer 6

zoonosis

Question 7

salmonella, shigella and ecoli all gain entry via

Answer 7

ingestion

Question 8

mycobacterium and legionella all gain entry by

Answer 8

inhalation

Question 9

clostridium tetani gains entry via

Answer 9

trauma

Question 10

staphylcoccus epidermidis and S. aureus enter the body commonly via

Answer 10

needle stick

Question 11

borelia, ehrlichia, rickettsia all gain entry via

Answer 11

arthropod bite

Question 12

neisseria and chlamyida gain entry to body vvia

Answer 12

sexual transmission

Question 13

________are used for adhesion to the cell/tissues

Answer 13

pilli

Question 14

___________are used for tight binding to host cells

Answer 14

adhesins

Question 15

________trigger host cell cellular actin rearrangement

Answer 15

invasion proteins

Question 16

what are the three functions of pili

Answer 16

attachment
motility
conjugation

Question 17

______is a structure surrounding the cell usually composed of polysaccharides

Answer 17

capsule

Question 18

_________has a capsule but is usualy because it is not composed of polysaccahrides

Answer 18

bacillus anthracis

Question 19

What are the functions of the capsule

Answer 19

adherence, prevent dehydration, nutrient source, and avoid phagocytosis

Question 20

what type of stain can show a capsule

Answer 20

india ink

Question 21

__________is a community of microorganisms encased within an exopolysaccharide matrix attached to a solid surface or to eachother

Answer 21

biofilm

Question 22

what causes biofilms to be resistant to antibiotics

Answer 22

dome of polysaccharides

Question 23

what types of bacteria use M cells for invasion of host cells

Answer 23

shigella, salmonella, listeria, yersinia, and enteropathogenic ecoli

Question 24

____________produces hyaluronidase which functions as what

Answer 24

streptococcus

breaks down the polysaccharide component responsible for binding cells together

Question 25

_____produces elastase which functions as

Answer 25

pseudomonas | breaks down elastin in the skin and connective tissue

Question 26

staphylocucucs aureus produces

Answer 26

coagulase

Question 27

streptococcus pneumoniae produces

Answer 27

IgA protease

Question 28

____________are proteins produce and secreted by the bacterium into the extracellular environment

Answer 28

exotoxins

Question 29

___________are proteins produce in or within the cell

Answer 29

endotoxin

Question 30

example of an endotoxin is

Answer 30

LPS found in gram negative bacteria

Question 31

___________interfere with neural transmission

Answer 31

neurotoxins

Question 32

vibrio cholera is a great example for having what type of toxin

Answer 32

enterotoxin

Question 33

phospholipase is produced by

Answer 33

clostridium perfringens

Question 34

streptolysin O is produced by

Answer 34

s pyogenes

Question 35

what is an example of an AB toxin

Answer 35

diptheria

Question 36

A subunit of diptheria toxin is the

Answer 36

active portion

Question 37

the B sunit of dipethia toxin

Answer 37

binds to the receptor and transports the toxin into the target cell

Question 38

action of dipetheria toxin

Answer 38

ADP ribosyl transferase inactivates elongation factor 2 which inhibits host protein synthesis

Question 39

diptheria toxin inactivates what

Answer 39

elongation factor 2

Question 40

cholera toxin

Answer 40

increases adenlylate cycle

Question 41

C tetani toxin

Answer 41

continous stimulation by excitator transmitter

Question 42

c botulinum

Answer 42

toxin blocks release of acetylchline from vesicles

Question 43

endotoxin is only found in

Answer 43

gram negative bacteria

Question 44

where is endotoxin found

Answer 44

outer membrane

Question 45

mechanism of LPS

Answer 45

binds Cd14 and toll like receptor 4 on monocytes and macrophages which induces Il-1 and TNF-alpha production which activates the complement pathway leading to vasodilation and stimulates B cells to produce antibodies leading to hypotension and shock

Question 46

______injects proteins DIRECTLY into host cell via a syringe like apparatus

Answer 46

type III secretion system

Question 47

benefit of type III secretion system

Answer 47

only produced when needed, doesn't dilute toxins in the environment, protects toxins from possible antibodies

Question 48

examples of bacteria that have a type III secretion sysytem

Answer 48

salmonella, pseudomonas, yersinia and ecoli

Question 49

what are two things that are used by the bacteria that prevent phagocytosis ?

Answer 49

capsule and the M protein

Question 50

______are produced by staphylococcus and streptococcus to destroy leukocytes and macrophages

Answer 50

leukocidins

Question 51

___________________change in structure of surface antigens therefore antibodies do NOT recognize bacteria

Answer 51

antigenic variaion

Question 52

__________bacteria camofloage themselves with host proteins

Answer 52

molecular mimicry

Question 53

what bacteria is known to prevent phagosome/lysosome fusoin

Answer 53

mycobacterium

Question 54

what is known to escape the phagosome

Answer 54

listeria and rickettsia

Question 55

what bacteria can breakdown hydrogen peroxide

Answer 55

staphylcocci

Question 56

what bacteria can inactivate antibodies

Answer 56

N gonorrhoea IgA proease

Question 57

what bacteria can inactivate complement

Answer 57

S pyogenes (C5a protease)

Question 58

genes that encode for virulence factors are located on

Answer 58

chromosome, plasmids, bacteriophages and transposons

Question 59

________the production of different virulence factors is regulated according to their need at different stages of the infections process

Answer 59

quorum sensing

Question 60

_______is a cell density dependent microbila communication system

Answer 60

quorum sensing