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AP Biology > Virus,Bacteria, and Immune System > Flashcards

Virus,Bacteria, and Immune System Flashcards

Sickness and Immune System (62 cards)

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1
Q

Pathogens

A

A bacteria or virus that can cause disease

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2
Q

Macrophage

A

A type of WBC (White Blood Cell) that kills dead cells and any microorganism. It also can stimulate the immune system

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3
Q

types of Bacteria

A

Bacilli, Cocci, spirilli

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4
Q

Eubacteria

A

True bacteria, is a kingdom

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5
Q

Archaebacteria

A

Kingdom that lives in extreme conditions, salt water, heated places, or high methane areas.

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6
Q

Decomposers

A

Breaks down dead organic compounds and releases nitrogen for plants to make AA and porteins

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7
Q

Producers

A

Produces gases like oxygen

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8
Q

Nitrogen Fixers

A

Bacteria that live in soil or roots of plants and converts nitrogen into usable form

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9
Q

Humans uses for bacteria?

A

Yogurt,Cheese,wine,bread,beer

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10
Q

How do bacteria clean the environment

A

Digests organic waste and nitrates to purify water supplies

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11
Q

How can bacteria enter our bodies

A

Through open skin and cuts

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12
Q

Gram Negative

A

Gram-negative bacteria are resistant to multiple drugs and are increasingly resistant to most available antibiotics.

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13
Q

Gram Positive

A

Gram-positive bacteria are bacteria classified by the color they turn in the staining method

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14
Q

Antibiotics

A

A medicine that grows and destroys pathogens

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15
Q

Antibody

A

proteins that protect you when an unwanted substance enters your body.

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16
Q

Example of antigen

A

the exterior (id) protien that characterizes a pathogen

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17
Q

Antigen

A

Any substance that causes the body to make an immune response against that substance.

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18
Q

Capsid

A

Protein surrounding the virus

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19
Q

Lytic infection

A

Produces an active infection

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20
Q

Vaccine

A

Small piece or weakened version of virus,that trigger the immune system to make memory cells for exposure

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21
Q

Difference between gram positive and negative?

A

Gram-negative bacteria are surrounded by a thin peptidoglycan cell wall, which itself is surrounded by an outer membrane, Gram-positive bacteria lack an outer membrane

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22
Q

Hygiene

A

Cleanliness like washing hands, showers, etc.

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23
Q

Can viral infections be treated with antibiotics

A

NO, virus can cause secondary infections like pneumonia and sinus infection

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24
Q

What are bacteria?

A

Prokaryotes and are the simplest and most abundant organisms on earth

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25
Immune System
The body's defense system against diseases
26
Lymphocytes
Part of the immune system, they are WBC's that fight infect through inactivating foreign substances or cells.
27
Cytotoxic T-Cells/ T Lymphocytes
Cells that attack infected body cells
28
B-Cells/ BLymphocytes
Make free floating antibodies and originate in the bone marrow - Also labels invades for destruction by macrophages
29
Immunoglobulin
Antibodies, proteins that recognize and bind to the antigen and mature in the Thymus
30
Phagocytes
Eat and destroy pathogens
31
Examples of phagocytes
Macrophages, Neutrophils,Monocytes
32
Pyrogens
Makes body temperature increase ~Fever
32
What is the first line of defense?
Skin,sweat,tears,mucus ~ all contain enzymes that kill bacteria
33
Inflammatory Response
Infected area that swells with lymph and blood bringing WBCs and macrophages to fight pathogens
34
What do infected body cells produce?
They produce a substance called interferon
35
Interferon
Blocks receptors of healthy body cells and prevents pathogens form entering
36
Natural Killer Cells (NK)
Targets cancer cell + infected body cells
37
Lymph Node
Acts as a filtering system with WBCs in the node waiting to eliminate virus
38
Specific Defenses
Recognizes and kills virus and makes memory cells
39
Cell-Mediated Immunity
When phagocyte attacks infected cell/pathogen
40
Cytotoxic T-Cell
Sprays chemicals and causes the infected body cell to lyse and burst CD-8 Protien
41
Helper T-cell
Recognizes the antigen and recruits other cells to fight invaders. Secretes interleukin 2 causing proliferation. RELEASES PROTEINS THAT ACTIVATE B AND T CELLS TO DIVIDE
42
Why does the body make more antibodies on 2nd exposure?
2nd exposure is when there are memory cells from the first exposure to kill the virus
43
What do plasma cells do?
Make antibodies
44
Memory Cells
Remember antigen on 2nd exposure
45
Interleukin 1
Interleukin-1 is made mainly by one type of white blood cell, the macrophage, and helps another type of white blood cell, the lymphocyte, fight infections.
46
Interleukin 2
One of a group of related proteins made by leukocytes (white blood cells) and other cells in the body.
47
Stages of Macrophage initiating specific(Humoral) defense system
1. Takes pathogen in 2.Changes shape 3.Engulfs entirely 4.Breaks pathogen into smaller pieces using chemicals 5. Becomes an APC - Antigen Presenting Cell 6.Links with T-Cell through CD4 7. Macrophage Releases IL-1 8. T-Cell Releases IL-2 9. IL-2 attracts B-cells and Tc-Cells
48
Neutrophils
a type of white blood cell (leukocytes) that act as your immune system's first line of defense, by releasing chemicals and doing kamikaze type stuff
49
How can passive immunity be obtained?
Breast milk, Placental Transfer, Antibody infusion, etc.
50
Autoimmune diseases def
The body starts to attack its own cells
51
Cyanobacteria
A photosynthetic bacteria that uses sunlight for food
52
Where are B-cells made?
In the skeletal system, specifically in the Bone Marrow
53
What is the best cell against cancer?
Natural Killer Cells
54
Allergy
A hypersensitive response to a non-harmful object
55
Histamine and adrenaline
Chemicals released by most cells that causes an inflammatory response, consticts veins, and increases blood flow.
56
Inflammation
Redness and swelling due to tissue damage
57
Mast Cell
Immune Cells found in tissue not blood
58
Plasma Cell
B-Cell that produces more antibodies after the antibody has binded to the antigen
59
Memory T-Cells
antigen-specific T cells that remain long-term after an infection has been eliminated.
60
Cytokines
Protein that takes immune cells to injury site
61
Lysogenic Infection
Latent Infection ~ Slow compared to Lytic, doesn't inject instead changes genetic info and physical shape.

AP Biology (21 decks)

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