Visual Arts - (20% of Exam) Flashcards
(155 cards)
1
Q
Key Figure
A
Details
2
Q
Phidias
A
Time Period: Ancient Greek
Contribution: Sculptor of the Parthenon and the Statue of Zeus at Olympia, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.
3
Q
Polykleitos
A
Time Period: Ancient Greek
Contribution: Developed the Canon, a system of ideal human proportions in sculpture.
4
Q
Leonardo da Vinci
A
Time Period: Italian Renaissance
Contribution: Painter of The Last Supper and Mona Lisa, also an inventor and scientist.
5
Q
Michelangelo
A
Time Period: Italian Renaissance
Contribution: Sculptor of David and painter of the Sistine Chapel ceiling.
6
Q
Raphael
A
Time Period: Italian Renaissance
Contribution: Known for The School of Athens, which embodies High Renaissance ideals of harmony and perspective.
7
Q
Titian
A
Time Period: Venetian Renaissance
Contribution: Master of color and oil painting techniques, famous for Assumption of the Virgin.
8
Q
Albrecht Dürer
A
Time Period: Northern Renaissance
Contribution: German artist known for engravings such as Melencolia I and self-portraits.
9
Q
Caravaggio
A
Time Period: Baroque
Contribution: Pioneered dramatic lighting (chiaroscuro) in paintings like The Calling of Saint Matthew.
10
Q
Rembrandt
A
Time Period: Dutch Golden Age
Contribution: Renowned for portraits and historical scenes such as The Night Watch.
11
Q
Diego Velázquez
A
Time Period: Spanish Baroque
Contribution: Court painter to Philip IV, best known for Las Meninas.
12
Q
Peter Paul Rubens
A
Time Period: Flemish Baroque
Contribution: Known for dynamic compositions and mythological subjects such as The Rape of the Daughters of Leucippus.
13
Q
Francisco Goya
A
Time Period: Romanticism
Contribution: Created dark, political works such as The Third of May 1808.
14
Q
J.M.W. Turner
A
Time Period: Romanticism
Contribution: Known for dramatic landscapes and maritime scenes such as The Fighting Temeraire.
15
Q
Eugène Delacroix
A
Time Period: Romanticism
Contribution: Painted Liberty Leading the People, symbolizing revolution and freedom.
16
Q
Claude Monet
A
Time Period: Impressionism
Contribution: Founder of Impressionism, known for Impression, Sunrise and water lily paintings.
17
Q
Edgar Degas
A
Time Period: Impressionism
Contribution: Focused on movement and ballet scenes, such as The Dance Class.
18
Q
Pierre-Auguste Renoir
A
Time Period: Impressionism
Contribution: Painted joyful social scenes like Luncheon of the Boating Party.
19
Q
Vincent van Gogh
A
Time Period: Post-Impressionism
Contribution: Created emotionally charged works such as Starry Night and Sunflowers.
20
Q
Paul Cézanne
A
Time Period: Post-Impressionism
Contribution: Bridged Impressionism and modern art, known for Mont Sainte-Victoire.
21
Q
Paul Gauguin
A
Time Period: Post-Impressionism
Contribution: Used bold colors in works such as Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?.
22
Q
Henri Matisse
A
Time Period: Fauvism
Contribution: Known for expressive color and cut-paper collages such as The Dance.
23
Q
Pablo Picasso
A
Time Period: Cubism
Contribution: Co-founded Cubism, known for Guernica and Les Demoiselles d’Avignon.
24
Q
Georges Braque
A
Time Period: Cubism
Contribution: Developed Cubism alongside Picasso, focusing on fragmented perspectives.
25
Wassily Kandinsky
Time Period: Expressionism
Contribution: Pioneer of abstract art, known for *Composition VII*.
26
Edvard Munch
Time Period: Expressionism
Contribution: Created *The Scream*, symbolizing existential anxiety.
27
Marcel Duchamp
Time Period: Dada
Contribution: Challenged art norms with works like *Fountain* (a signed urinal).
28
Salvador Dalí
Time Period: Surrealism
Contribution: Created dreamlike works such as *The Persistence of Memory*.
29
Frida Kahlo
Time Period: Surrealism
Contribution: Painted autobiographical works exploring identity, pain, and culture.
30
Jackson Pollock
Time Period: Abstract Expressionism
Contribution: Developed action painting, famous for *No. 5, 1948*.
31
Mark Rothko
Time Period: Color Field Painting
Contribution: Created large-scale abstract color compositions, such as *Orange and Yellow*.
32
Andy Warhol
Time Period: Pop Art
Contribution: Icon of mass production in art, known for *Campbell’s Soup Cans* and *Marilyn Diptych*.
33
Roy Lichtenstein
Time Period: Pop Art
Contribution: Created comic book-style paintings like *Whaam!*.
34
Yayoi Kusama
Time Period: Contemporary Art
Contribution: Known for polka dots, infinity rooms, and large-scale installations.
35
Jean-Michel Basquiat
Time Period: Neo-Expressionism
Contribution: Addressed race and identity through graffiti-inspired works.
36
Banksy
Time Period: Street Art
Contribution: Anonymous artist known for politically charged stencil graffiti.
37
Barbara Kruger
Time Period: Conceptual Art
Contribution: Combines text and images to critique consumerism and feminism.
38
Cindy Sherman
Time Period: Contemporary Photography
Contribution: Explores identity and stereotypes in self-portraits.
39
Ai Weiwei
Time Period: Contemporary Art
Contribution: Activist artist known for conceptual works critiquing power and oppression.
40
Damien Hirst
Time Period: Young British Artists
Contribution: Created works involving preserved animals, such as *The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living*.
41
Kara Walker
Time Period: Contemporary Art
Contribution: Uses silhouette installations to explore race, gender, and history.
42
Jeff Koons
Time Period: Contemporary Art
Contribution: Known for balloon animal sculptures and kitsch-inspired art.
43
Anish Kapoor
Time Period: Contemporary Art
Contribution: Created large-scale sculptures like *Cloud Gate* (The Bean in Chicago).
44
Olafur Eliasson
Time Period: Contemporary Installation Art
Contribution: Creates immersive light and environmental installations.
45
Marina Abramović
Time Period: Performance Art
Contribution: Explores endurance and human connection in pieces like *The Artist is Present*.
46
David Hockney
Time Period: Contemporary Art
Contribution: Known for vibrant California landscapes and digital iPad paintings.
47
Takashi Murakami
Time Period: Superflat Movement
Contribution: Merges pop culture and fine art, known for colorful characters and commercial collaborations.
48
Title
Details
49
*Statue of Zeus at Olympia*
Author: Phidias
Title: *Statue of Zeus at Olympia*
Time Period: Ancient Greek
Synopsis: A massive chryselephantine (gold and ivory) statue of Zeus, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.
50
*Doryphoros (Spear Bearer)*
Author: Polykleitos
Title: *Doryphoros (Spear Bearer)*
Time Period: Ancient Greek
Synopsis: A marble sculpture demonstrating Polykleitos' ideal human proportions and contrapposto stance.
51
*Mona Lisa*
Author: Leonardo da Vinci
Title: *Mona Lisa*
Time Period: Italian Renaissance
Synopsis: A portrait famous for its enigmatic smile and masterful sfumato technique.
52
*The Last Supper*
Author: Leonardo da Vinci
Title: *The Last Supper*
Time Period: Italian Renaissance
Synopsis: A mural depicting Jesus and his disciples, known for its use of perspective and dramatic composition.
53
*David*
Author: Michelangelo
Title: *David*
Time Period: Italian Renaissance
Synopsis: A marble statue representing the biblical hero, known for its anatomical precision and idealized beauty.
54
*The Creation of Adam*
Author: Michelangelo
Title: *The Creation of Adam*
Time Period: Italian Renaissance
Synopsis: A fresco on the Sistine Chapel ceiling depicting God giving life to Adam.
55
*The School of Athens*
Author: Raphael
Title: *The School of Athens*
Time Period: Italian Renaissance
Synopsis: A fresco celebrating philosophy, featuring Plato, Aristotle, and other thinkers in an idealized architectural setting.
56
*Assumption of the Virgin*
Author: Titian
Title: *Assumption of the Virgin*
Time Period: Venetian Renaissance
Synopsis: A dynamic composition with vivid color and movement, depicting the Virgin Mary ascending to heaven.
57
*Melencolia I*
Author: Albrecht Dürer
Title: *Melencolia I*
Time Period: Northern Renaissance
Synopsis: A detailed engraving filled with symbols representing artistic genius and intellectual struggle.
58
*The Calling of Saint Matthew*
Author: Caravaggio
Title: *The Calling of Saint Matthew*
Time Period: Baroque
Synopsis: A dramatic use of light and shadow (chiaroscuro) to depict Christ calling Matthew to be his disciple.
59
*The Night Watch*
Author: Rembrandt
Title: *The Night Watch*
Time Period: Dutch Golden Age
Synopsis: A large group portrait of a militia company, notable for its dramatic lighting and movement.
60
*Las Meninas*
Author: Diego Velázquez
Title: *Las Meninas*
Time Period: Spanish Baroque
Synopsis: A complex composition showing the Spanish royal court, playing with perspective and viewer interaction.
61
*The Third of May 1808*
Author: Francisco Goya
Title: *The Third of May 1808*
Time Period: Romanticism
Synopsis: A stark depiction of the execution of Spanish rebels by French soldiers, emphasizing emotion and horror.
62
*The Fighting Temeraire*
Author: J.M.W. Turner
Title: *The Fighting Temeraire*
Time Period: Romanticism
Synopsis: A nostalgic painting of an old warship being towed to its final berth, symbolizing the end of an era.
63
*Liberty Leading the People*
Author: Eugène Delacroix
Title: *Liberty Leading the People*
Time Period: Romanticism
Synopsis: An allegorical painting celebrating the July Revolution of 1830 in France.
64
*Impression, Sunrise*
Author: Claude Monet
Title: *Impression, Sunrise*
Time Period: Impressionism
Synopsis: The painting that gave Impressionism its name, depicting a misty harbor scene with loose brushwork.
65
*The Dance Class*
Author: Edgar Degas
Title: *The Dance Class*
Time Period: Impressionism
Synopsis: A lively scene of ballerinas practicing, showcasing movement and realism.
66
*Luncheon of the Boating Party*
Author: Pierre-Auguste Renoir
Title: *Luncheon of the Boating Party*
Time Period: Impressionism
Synopsis: A joyful depiction of a social gathering along the Seine River.
67
*Starry Night*
Author: Vincent van Gogh
Title: *Starry Night*
Time Period: Post-Impressionism
Synopsis: A swirling night sky over a quiet village, conveying emotion through color and brushwork.
68
*Mont Sainte-Victoire*
Author: Paul Cézanne
Title: *Mont Sainte-Victoire*
Time Period: Post-Impressionism
Synopsis: A series of paintings deconstructing form and perspective, influencing modern art.
69
*Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?*
Author: Paul Gauguin
Title: *Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?*
Time Period: Post-Impressionism
Synopsis: A philosophical painting exploring life and destiny through vibrant Tahitian imagery.
70
*The Dance*
Author: Henri Matisse
Title: *The Dance*
Time Period: Fauvism
Synopsis: A bold, expressive depiction of figures dancing in a circle, using vivid color.
71
*Guernica*
Author: Pablo Picasso
Title: *Guernica*
Time Period: Cubism
Synopsis: A massive anti-war painting depicting the bombing of Guernica during the Spanish Civil War.
72
*Houses at L’Estaque*
Author: Georges Braque
Title: *Houses at L’Estaque*
Time Period: Cubism
Synopsis: A fragmented landscape, pioneering Cubist abstraction.
73
*Composition VII*
Author: Wassily Kandinsky
Title: *Composition VII*
Time Period: Expressionism
Synopsis: A vibrant abstract composition expressing musical and spiritual themes.
74
*The Scream*
Author: Edvard Munch
Title: *The Scream*
Time Period: Expressionism
Synopsis: A haunting depiction of existential anxiety, featuring a distorted figure against a fiery sky.
75
*The Persistence of Memory*
Author: Salvador Dalí
Title: *The Persistence of Memory*
Time Period: Surrealism
Synopsis: A dreamlike scene featuring melting clocks, symbolizing the fluidity of time.
76
*The Two Fridas*
Author: Frida Kahlo
Title: *The Two Fridas*
Time Period: Surrealism
Synopsis: A self-portrait exploring identity, pain, and duality.
77
*No. 5, 1948*
Author: Jackson Pollock
Title: *No. 5, 1948*
Time Period: Abstract Expressionism
Synopsis: A dynamic 'drip painting' exemplifying action painting.
78
*Orange and Yellow*
Author: Mark Rothko
Title: *Orange and Yellow*
Time Period: Color Field Painting
Synopsis: A large-scale abstract composition using deep, meditative color fields.
79
*Marilyn Diptych*
Author: Andy Warhol
Title: *Marilyn Diptych*
Time Period: Pop Art
Synopsis: A grid of repeated images of Marilyn Monroe, commenting on celebrity culture.
80
*Infinity Mirror Room*
Author: Yayoi Kusama
Title: *Infinity Mirror Room*
Time Period: Contemporary Art
Synopsis: An immersive installation using mirrors and lights to create infinite reflections.
81
*Girl with a Balloon*
Author: Banksy
Title: *Girl with a Balloon*
Time Period: Street Art
Synopsis: A stenciled image of a girl reaching for a red heart-shaped balloon, symbolizing hope and loss.
82
*Sunflower Seeds*
Author: Ai Weiwei
Title: *Sunflower Seeds*
Time Period: Contemporary Art
Synopsis: A large installation of millions of handcrafted porcelain seeds, exploring mass production and individuality.
83
Movement
Details (Definition, Key Works, Figures)
84
Ancient Greek Art
Definition: Focused on idealized human forms, balance, and proportion, influencing Western art.
Key Works: *Doryphoros* (Polykleitos), *Statue of Zeus at Olympia* (Phidias)
Key Figures: Phidias, Polykleitos
85
Ancient Roman Art
Definition: Emphasized realism and grandeur, including detailed portraits and monumental architecture.
Key Works: *Augustus of Prima Porta*, *Column of Trajan*
Key Figures: Roman sculptors and architects
86
Medieval Art
Definition: Religious and symbolic, including illuminated manuscripts and Gothic cathedrals.
Key Works: *Book of Kells*, *Chartres Cathedral*
Key Figures: Unknown medieval artisans, Giotto
87
Renaissance
Definition: Revival of classical ideals, perspective, and naturalism in painting and sculpture.
Key Works: *Mona Lisa* (da Vinci), *The School of Athens* (Raphael)
Key Figures: Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael
88
Baroque
Definition: Dramatic, emotional, and grand, often using intense contrasts of light and shadow.
Key Works: *Las Meninas* (Velázquez), *The Calling of Saint Matthew* (Caravaggio)
Key Figures: Caravaggio, Rembrandt, Velázquez
89
Rococo
Definition: Ornate, decorative, and lighthearted, often focused on aristocratic leisure.
Key Works: *The Swing* (Fragonard)
Key Figures: Jean-Honoré Fragonard, François Boucher
90
Neoclassicism
Definition: A return to classical simplicity and order, inspired by Greek and Roman art.
Key Works: *Oath of the Horatii* (David)
Key Figures: Jacques-Louis David, Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres
91
Romanticism
Definition: Emphasized emotion, nature, and dramatic compositions.
Key Works: *Liberty Leading the People* (Delacroix), *The Third of May 1808* (Goya)
Key Figures: Eugène Delacroix, Francisco Goya, J.M.W. Turner
92
Realism
Definition: Focused on depicting everyday life with honesty and rejection of idealism.
Key Works: *The Stone Breakers* (Courbet)
Key Figures: Gustave Courbet, Jean-François Millet
93
Impressionism
Definition: Captured fleeting moments and light through loose brushwork and bright colors.
Key Works: *Impression, Sunrise* (Monet), *Luncheon of the Boating Party* (Renoir)
Key Figures: Claude Monet, Edgar Degas, Pierre-Auguste Renoir
94
Post-Impressionism
Definition: Built on Impressionism but with more focus on structure, color, and personal expression.
Key Works: *Starry Night* (van Gogh), *Mont Sainte-Victoire* (Cézanne)
Key Figures: Vincent van Gogh, Paul Cézanne, Paul Gauguin
95
Fauvism
Definition: Used bold, unnatural colors to create emotional impact.
Key Works: *The Dance* (Matisse)
Key Figures: Henri Matisse, André Derain
96
Cubism
Definition: Fragmented objects into geometric shapes and multiple perspectives.
Key Works: *Les Demoiselles d’Avignon* (Picasso), *Houses at L’Estaque* (Braque)
Key Figures: Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque
97
Expressionism
Definition: Emphasized emotion and distortion to express inner states.
Key Works: *The Scream* (Munch), *Composition VII* (Kandinsky)
Key Figures: Edvard Munch, Wassily Kandinsky
98
Dada
Definition: Anti-art movement rejecting logic and embracing absurdity.
Key Works: *Fountain* (Duchamp)
Key Figures: Marcel Duchamp, Hannah Höch
99
Surrealism
Definition: Explored dreamlike, subconscious imagery and illogical compositions.
Key Works: *The Persistence of Memory* (Dalí), *The Two Fridas* (Kahlo)
Key Figures: Salvador Dalí, Frida Kahlo
100
Abstract Expressionism
Definition: Emphasized spontaneous, gestural abstraction and emotional intensity.
Key Works: *No. 5, 1948* (Pollock)
Key Figures: Jackson Pollock, Mark Rothko
101
Pop Art
Definition: Incorporated mass media imagery and consumer culture.
Key Works: *Marilyn Diptych* (Warhol), *Whaam!* (Lichtenstein)
Key Figures: Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein
102
Minimalism
Definition: Reduced art to simple geometric shapes and colors.
Key Works: *Untitled* (Judd)
Key Figures: Donald Judd, Frank Stella
103
Conceptual Art
Definition: Focused on the idea behind the work rather than the final product.
Key Works: *One and Three Chairs* (Kosuth)
Key Figures: Joseph Kosuth, Sol LeWitt
104
Street Art
Definition: Art created in public spaces, often political and rebellious.
Key Works: *Girl with a Balloon* (Banksy)
Key Figures: Banksy, Jean-Michel Basquiat
105
Installation Art
Definition: Large-scale, immersive environments or sculptures.
Key Works: *Sunflower Seeds* (Ai Weiwei)
Key Figures: Ai Weiwei, Olafur Eliasson
106
Performance Art
Definition: Art based on the artist’s body and actions, often challenging societal norms.
Key Works: *The Artist is Present* (Abramović)
Key Figures: Marina Abramović, Yoko Ono
107
Term
Definition
108
Chiaroscuro
Definition: The use of strong contrasts between light and dark to create a sense of volume and depth.
109
Sfumato
Definition: A painting technique used to create soft transitions between colors and tones, famously used by Leonardo da Vinci.
110
Perspective
Definition: A technique used to represent three-dimensional space on a two-dimensional surface, developed during the Renaissance.
111
Contrapposto
Definition: A stance in sculpture where the weight is shifted onto one leg, creating a naturalistic posture.
112
Fresco
Definition: A mural painting technique in which water-based pigments are applied to wet plaster, commonly used in Renaissance art.
113
Triptych
Definition: A three-panel artwork, often used in religious altarpieces.
114
Foreshortening
Definition: A technique used to depict an object or figure in depth by shortening its dimensions.
115
Impasto
Definition: A thick application of paint that creates texture and visible brushstrokes.
116
Tenebrism
Definition: A dramatic style of painting using deep shadows and strong highlights, associated with Caravaggio.
117
Gilding
Definition: The application of thin layers of gold leaf to a surface for decoration.
118
Assemblage
Definition: A three-dimensional composition made from found objects and mixed media.
119
Collage
Definition: A technique of assembling various materials such as paper, fabric, and photographs onto a surface.
120
Abstract Art
Definition: Art that does not attempt to represent reality but instead uses shapes, colors, and forms to express ideas.
121
Avant-Garde
Definition: A term describing innovative, experimental, or cutting-edge approaches in the arts.
122
Art Nouveau
Definition: A late 19th-century style characterized by flowing, organic forms inspired by nature.
123
Bauhaus
Definition: A German design school that emphasized functionality, simplicity, and integration of art and industry.
124
Cubo-Futurism
Definition: An art movement combining Cubist fragmentation with Futurist dynamism and motion.
125
Dada
Definition: An anti-art movement that rejected conventional aesthetics in favor of absurdity and randomness.
126
De Stijl
Definition: A Dutch artistic movement emphasizing geometric abstraction and primary colors.
127
Expressionism
Definition: A movement emphasizing emotional intensity and distortion over realistic representation.
128
Fauvism
Definition: A style characterized by bold, unnatural colors and strong brushwork, led by Henri Matisse.
129
Golden Ratio
Definition: A mathematical ratio found in nature and classical art, believed to create aesthetically pleasing compositions.
130
Iconography
Definition: The study of symbols and themes in art and their cultural significance.
131
Minimalism
Definition: A movement focusing on simplicity, geometric forms, and limited color palettes.
132
Op Art
Definition: A style that uses optical illusions to create movement and depth.
133
Pointillism
Definition: A painting technique using small dots of color to form an image, developed by Georges Seurat.
134
Readymade
Definition: An ordinary object selected by an artist and presented as art, popularized by Marcel Duchamp.
135
Trompe-l'œil
Definition: A technique that creates the illusion of three-dimensionality on a flat surface.
136
Color Theory
Definition: The study of how colors interact, including complementary, analogous, and monochromatic schemes.
137
Hatching
Definition: A drawing technique using parallel lines to create shading and texture.
138
Linear Perspective
Definition: A system of creating depth in a two-dimensional work by converging parallel lines towards a vanishing point.
139
Vanishing Point
Definition: The point at which parallel lines appear to converge in a perspective drawing.
140
Negative Space
Definition: The empty or background areas in an artwork that help define the main subject.
141
Relief Sculpture
Definition: A sculptural technique where figures are raised from a flat background, such as in bas-relief and high relief.
142
Foil
Definition: The contrast between two elements in an artwork to enhance their individual characteristics.
143
Palette
Definition: The range of colors used in a painting or the physical board on which an artist mixes paints.
144
Tripartite Composition
Definition: A three-part division in artwork for balance and structure.
145
Atmospheric Perspective
Definition: A technique using color and clarity to create the illusion of depth, often seen in landscapes.
146
Stippling
Definition: A drawing method using small dots to create shading and gradients.
147
Brushwork
Definition: The technique and style in which an artist applies paint to a canvas.
148
Underpainting
Definition: A preliminary layer of paint applied to a canvas before the final layers are added.
149
En Plein Air
Definition: The act of painting outdoors, associated with Impressionist artists.
150
Rococo
Definition: An 18th-century style characterized by lightness, decorative detail, and pastel colors.
151
Symbolism
Definition: An art movement emphasizing metaphorical and dreamlike imagery to convey deeper meanings.
152
Kinetic Art
Definition: Art that incorporates movement, often using motors or wind-powered elements.
153
Optical Mixing
Definition: The effect of colors blending visually rather than being physically mixed.
154
Action Painting
Definition: A style of painting in which paint is spontaneously dripped or splattered onto a canvas, associated with Jackson Pollock.
155
Silkscreen Printing
Definition: A printmaking technique using a mesh screen to transfer ink onto a surface, popular in Pop Art.
