Chapter 8

Question 1

What is the Northern Renaissance?

Answer 1

A cultural movement in Northern Europe that combined humanism with religious themes.

Question 2

Who invented the printing press?

Answer 2

Johannes Gutenberg.

Question 3

What is the Gutenberg Bible?

Answer 3

The first major book printed using movable type, making the Bible more accessible.

Question 4

Define Christian Humanism.

Answer 4

A blend of Renaissance humanism and religious ideals, promoting moral and societal reform.

Question 5

Who is Desiderius Erasmus?

Answer 5

A Dutch humanist who wrote In Praise of Folly, criticizing Church corruption and advocating reform.

Question 6

What is Utopia?

Answer 6

A book by Thomas More describing an ideal society based on reason and communal property.

Question 7

Name a famous work by Albrecht Dürer.

Answer 7

Melencolia I.

Question 8

Who painted The Garden of Earthly Delights?

Answer 8

Hieronymus Bosch.

Question 9

What themes are depicted in Pieter Bruegel the Elder’s works?

Answer 9

Peasant life and social satire.

Question 10

Who is known for the portrait The Ambassadors?

Answer 10

Hans Holbein the Younger.

Question 11

What was the Reformation?

Answer 11

A religious movement challenging Catholic doctrines, leading to Protestant churches.

Question 12

What did Martin Luther do in 1517?

Answer 12

Posted the 95 Theses.

Question 13

What were the 95 Theses?

Answer 13

A document criticizing Church corruption, particularly the sale of indulgences.

Question 14

Fill in the blank: Luther’s belief that salvation comes through _______ alone, not Church rituals.

Answer 14

faith

Question 15

What happened at the Diet of Worms?

Answer 15

Martin Luther refused to recant his teachings, leading to his excommunication.

Question 16

Who developed the doctrine of predestination?

Answer 16

John Calvin.

Question 17

What is predestination?

Answer 17

Calvinist belief that God has already chosen who will be saved.

Question 18

What is the Anglican Church?

Answer 18

The Church of England, founded by Henry VIII after breaking from the Catholic Church.

Question 19

Why did Henry VIII establish the Church of England?

Answer 19

To annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon.

Question 20

What did the Act of Supremacy (1534) declare?

Answer 20

Henry VIII the head of the Church of England.

Question 21

What was the Counter-Reformation?

Answer 21

The Catholic Church’s response to Protestantism, reforming abuses and reaffirming doctrines.

Question 22

What was the Council of Trent?

Answer 22

A series of meetings (1545-1563) that clarified Catholic doctrine and reformed practices.

Question 23

Who founded the Jesuits?

Answer 23

Ignatius of Loyola.

Question 24

What is Baroque Art characterized by?

Answer 24

Drama, movement, and emotional intensity.

Question 25

Who is Caravaggio?

Answer 25

A Baroque painter known for dramatic lighting and realism.

Question 26

What was the Spanish Inquisition?

Answer 26

A Church-led effort to root out heresy in Spain, often using harsh methods.

Question 27

What did the Edict of Nantes (1598) grant?

Answer 27

Religious tolerance to Protestants in France.

Question 28

What was the Thirty Years’ War?

Answer 28

A devastating religious conflict in Europe between Catholics and Protestants.

Question 29

What did the Peace of Westphalia (1648) establish?

Answer 29

The modern state system.

Question 30

Who were the Huguenots?

Answer 30

French Protestants who faced persecution.

Question 31

What did the Puritans seek to do?

Answer 31

Purify the Church of England of Catholic influences.

Question 32

What were the Witch Hunts?

Answer 32

A period of persecution in the 16th-17th centuries, often targeting women accused of witchcraft.

Question 33

Who is William Shakespeare?

Answer 33

An English playwright whose works explored human nature and politics.

Question 34

What themes are explored in Shakespeare's *Hamlet*?

Answer 34

Revenge, madness, and existential doubt.

Question 35

Who was Elizabeth I?

Answer 35

The English queen who strengthened Protestantism and oversaw a golden age of culture.

Question 36

What was the Spanish Armada (1588)?

Answer 36

A failed attempt by Spain to invade England.

Question 37

Who is Christopher Marlowe?

Answer 37

An English playwright and poet, often considered a precursor to Shakespeare.

Question 38

What is the significance of the King James Bible (1611)?

Answer 38

An influential English translation of the Bible commissioned by King James I.

Question 39

What was the Scientific Revolution?

Answer 39

A period of major advancements in science that challenged medieval worldviews.

Question 40

Who developed the scientific method?

Answer 40

Francis Bacon.

Question 41

What did Galileo Galilei support?

Answer 41

Heliocentrism through telescopic observations.

Question 42

What was the legacy of the Reformation?

Answer 42

Led to religious pluralism and influenced democratic ideas, but also caused conflicts and persecution.

Question 43

What is the Enlightenment?

Answer 43

An intellectual movement emphasizing reason, science, and individual rights.