Chapter 10

Question 1

What was the Counter-Reformation?

Answer 1

The Catholic Church’s response to the Protestant Reformation, focusing on reform and reaffirmation of doctrine.

Question 2

What was the purpose of the Council of Trent (1545-1563)?

Answer 2

Clarified doctrine, reformed corruption, and reinforced traditional practices.

Question 3

Who founded the Jesuits?

Answer 3

Ignatius of Loyola.

Question 4

What is the primary focus of the Jesuits?

Answer 4

To spread Catholicism through education and missionary work.

Question 5

What was the Inquisition?

Answer 5

A Church-led effort to root out heresy, particularly in Spain and Italy.

Question 6

What does the Index of Prohibited Books refer to?

Answer 6

A list of books banned by the Catholic Church for containing heretical or anti-Christian ideas.

Question 7

Define Baroque Art.

Answer 7

An artistic style characterized by grandeur, drama, movement, and contrast, often used to promote Catholicism.

Question 8

Who is Gian Lorenzo Bernini?

Answer 8

A leading Baroque sculptor and architect known for The Ecstasy of Saint Teresa and the Baldacchino in St. Peter’s Basilica.

Question 9

What is Caravaggio known for?

Answer 9

Dramatic lighting and realism in works like The Calling of St. Matthew.

Question 10

What painting technique did Caravaggio popularize?

Answer 10

Tenebrism.

Question 11

List characteristics of Peter Paul Rubens’ work.

Answer 11

Dynamic compositions
Rich color
Sensuous figures

Question 12

Who was Diego Velázquez?

Answer 12

A Spanish Baroque painter known for Las Meninas and portraits of the Spanish royal family.

Question 13

What is the Dutch Golden Age?

Answer 13

A period of economic and cultural flourishing in the Netherlands, marked by achievements in trade, science, and art.

Question 14

What is Rembrandt van Rijn known for?

Answer 14

His use of light and psychological depth in portraits.

Question 15

What is Johannes Vermeer famous for?

Answer 15

Intimate, light-filled interiors, such as Girl with a Pearl Earring.

Question 16

What characterizes the Baroque in Music?

Answer 16

Complex, expressive music featuring composers like Bach, Handel, and Vivaldi.

Question 17

Who is Johann Sebastian Bach?

Answer 17

A German Baroque composer known for The Brandenburg Concertos and The Well-Tempered Clavier.

Question 18

What is George Frideric Handel best known for?

Answer 18

Messiah, an oratorio featuring the ‘Hallelujah’ chorus.

Question 19

What is Antonio Vivaldi known for?

Answer 19

The Four Seasons.

Question 20

Describe the Baroque in Architecture.

Answer 20

A style emphasizing grandiosity, ornate decoration, and dramatic spatial effects.

Question 21

What does the Hall of Mirrors symbolize?

Answer 21

French grandeur and political dominance.

Question 22

Define Absolutism.

Answer 22

A political system in which rulers hold total power.

Question 23

Who was Louis XIV?

Answer 23

The ‘Sun King’ of France, known for his absolute rule and patronage of the arts.

Question 24

What is the Divine Right of Kings?

Answer 24

The belief that monarchs derive their authority directly from God.

Question 25

What was the English Civil War?

Answer 25

A conflict between the monarchy and Parliament, leading to the temporary overthrow of the monarchy.

Question 26

Who was Oliver Cromwell?

Answer 26

A military leader who ruled England as Lord Protector after the execution of Charles I.

Question 27

What was the Glorious Revolution (1688)?

Answer 27

The peaceful overthrow of James II, leading to constitutional monarchy in England.

Question 28

What characterizes the Baroque in Literature?

Answer 28

Elaborate metaphors, emotional intensity, and ornate language.

Question 29

Who is John Milton?

Answer 29

An English poet known for *Paradise Lost*, an epic about the fall of Satan and humanity.

Question 30

What did Molière satirize?

Answer 30

Social norms in works like *Tartuffe*.

Question 31

What is emphasized in Baroque Theatre?

Answer 31

Spectacle, music, and elaborate stage designs.

Question 32

What is the Comédie-Française?

Answer 32

The state theater of France, established under Louis XIV.

Question 33

What is Baroque Opera?

Answer 33

A musical drama combining singing, acting, and elaborate staging, popular in Italy and France.

Question 34

Who is Claudio Monteverdi?

Answer 34

A composer who helped develop opera, known for *Orfeo*.

Question 35

What did Jean-Baptiste Lully create?

Answer 35

French Baroque opera for the court of Louis XIV.

Question 36

What characterizes the Baroque in Latin America?

Answer 36

A fusion of European and indigenous artistic styles seen in churches and religious art.

Question 37

What were the Jesuit Missions in South America?

Answer 37

Efforts by Jesuits to convert indigenous people, often through Baroque art and music.

Question 38

What was the Scientific Revolution?

Answer 38

A period of major advancements in science that challenged traditional beliefs and laid the foundation for modern science.

Question 39

Who is René Descartes?

Answer 39

A philosopher and mathematician who developed analytical geometry and the phrase 'Cogito, ergo sum'.

Question 40

What is Blaise Pascal known for?

Answer 40

Contributions to probability theory and defending Christianity in *Pensées*.

Question 41

What did Isaac Newton formulate?

Answer 41

The laws of motion and universal gravitation.

Question 42

Define the Age of Reason.

Answer 42

An intellectual movement emphasizing logic, evidence, and skepticism of religious and political authority.

Question 43

What is a key difference between Baroque and Renaissance art?

Answer 43

Renaissance emphasized balance and harmony; Baroque focused on emotion, movement, and grandeur.

Question 44

How did Baroque art and thought influence later movements?

Answer 44

It influenced later artistic movements, politics, and Enlightenment ideals.