Chapter 11 Flashcards
What is the Enlightenment?
An intellectual movement emphasizing reason, science, and individual rights, challenging traditional authority.
Who is John Locke?
A philosopher who argued for natural rights (life, liberty, property) and government by consent of the governed.
What did Thomas Hobbes advocate for in his work Leviathan?
A strong central government to prevent chaos.
What is the main idea promoted by Jean-Jacques Rousseau in The Social Contract?
Popular sovereignty.
Who was Voltaire and what did he champion?
A writer and philosopher who championed free speech, religious tolerance, and criticized absolutism.
What concept did Montesquieu advocate for in government?
Separation of powers to prevent tyranny.
Who was Denis Diderot?
The editor of Encyclopédie, which compiled Enlightenment knowledge and promoted reason.
What economic principles did Adam Smith argue for in The Wealth of Nations?
Free markets and capitalism.
Define Laissez-Faire Economics.
An economic principle advocating minimal government interference in business and trade.
Who were the Philosophes?
Enlightenment intellectuals who promoted reason, progress, and human rights.
What is Deism?
A belief that God created the universe but does not intervene in human affairs.
What laid the foundation for Enlightenment thought?
The Scientific Revolution, emphasizing observation and reason.
How did Isaac Newton influence Enlightenment views?
His laws of motion and gravity influenced views on rationality and natural law.
What is Enlightened Despotism?
A form of monarchy influenced by Enlightenment ideas, where rulers implemented reforms without giving up power.
Who was Frederick the Great?
An enlightened despot of Prussia who promoted education, legal reform, and religious tolerance.
What did Catherine the Great embrace?
Enlightenment ideas while maintaining absolute power.
Who was Joseph II of Austria?
An enlightened despot known for radical reforms, including religious tolerance and abolishing serfdom.
What was the American Revolution (1775-1783) influenced by?
Enlightenment ideas of democracy and individual rights.
What does the Declaration of Independence assert?
American independence, heavily influenced by John Locke’s theories.
What principles does the U.S. Constitution incorporate?
Enlightenment principles like separation of powers and checks and balances.
What was the French Revolution (1789-1799) driven by?
Enlightenment ideals seeking to overthrow monarchy and establish democracy.
What was the Estates-General in pre-revolutionary France?
A legislative body representing the clergy, nobility, and commoners.
What was the National Assembly?
A revolutionary government formed by the Third Estate to represent the people of France.
What does the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen assert?
Foundational document asserting equality and liberty during the French Revolution.
