VISUAL DICTIONARY XVIII Flashcards
(120 cards)
1
Q
what is a system or process for simultaneously controlling the temperature, humidity, purity, distribution, and motion of the air in an interior space especially one capable of cooling?
A
AIR CONDITIONING
2
Q
What is any device or apparatus for controlling, esp. lowering the temperature and humidity of a space?
A
AIR CONDITIONER
3
Q
What do you call a factory assembled air conditioner having a fan, filters, compressor, condenser, and evaporator coils for cooling?
A
PACKAGED AIR CONDITIONER
4
Q
What is a refrigeration process in which cooling is affected by the vaporization and expansion of a liquid refrigerant?
A
COMPRESSIVE REFRIGERATION
5
Q
What is a valve that reduces the pressure and evaporation temperature of a refrigerant as it flows to the evaporator?
A
EXPANSION VALVE
6
Q
What is a liquid capable of vaporizing at a low temperature, such as ammonia, used in mechanical refrigeration?
A
REFRIGERANT
7
Q
What is the component of a refrigeration system in which the refrigerant absorbs heat from a cooling medium and changes from a liquid to a gas?
A
EVAPORATOR
8
Q
What is a pump or other machine for reducing the volume and increasing the pressure of a gas in a refrigeration system?
A
COMPRESSOR
9
Q
What is a device for reducing a vapor or gas to liquid or solid form?
A
CONDENSER
10
Q
What is a fluid agent for reducing the temperature of a system below a specified value by conducting away the heat produced in the operation of the system?
A
COOLANT
11
Q
What is a medium or environment for the absorption or dissipation of unwanted heat?
A
HEAT SINK
12
Q
What is a device that uses a compressible refrigerant to transfer heat from one reservoir to another, with the process being reversible so that it can be used for both heating and cooling a building?
A
HEAT PUMP
13
Q
What is a refrigeration process that uses a generator and an absorber instead of a compressor to transfer heat?
A
ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION
14
Q
What is a device for transferring the heat of a fluid flowing on one side of a barrier to a fluid flowing to another?
A
HEAT EXCHANGER
15
Q
What is the component of an absorption-refrigeration system that uses a saline solution to draw water vapor from the evaporator, cooling the remaining water in the process?
A
ABSORBER
16
Q
What is the component of an absorption-refrigeration system that uses a heat source to remove excess water vapor from a saline solution?
A
GENERATOR
17
Q
What is an air-conditioning system that treats air at the central location and distributes the conditioned air to an entire building by means of fans and ductwork?
A
CENTRAL AIR CONDITIONING
18
Q
Acronym for heating, ventilating, and air conditioning
A
HVAC
19
Q
What is a structure, usually on the roof of a building, in which heat is extracted from water that has been used for cooling?
A
COOLING TOWER
20
Q
What is a fan for supplying air at a moderate pressure, as to supply force drafts in a heating or air-conditioning system?
A
BLOWER
21
Q
What is a device for maintaining or increasing the amount of water vapor in the air of a room or building?
A
HUMIDIFIER
22
Q
A
23
Q
What do you call the conditioned air delivered by an air conditioning system to the serve spaces?
A
SUPPLY AIR
24
Q
What is a room containing one or more chillers and pumps for air-conditioning a building?
A
CHILLED WATER PLANT
25
What is the device employing the compressive refrigeration cycle to chill the water used in cooling a building?
CHILLER
26
What is a movable plate for regulating the draft in an air outlet, air duct, or the throat of a fireplace?
DAMPER
27
What do you call the air exhausted from an interior space to the outside?
EXHAUST AIR
28
What do you call the outdoor air drawn in for treatment in an air conditioning system; also called **outside air**?
FRESH AIR
29
What is an air conditioning assembly containing the fans, filters, and other components necessary to treat and distribute conditioned air to an entire building or to specific zones within the building?
AIR-HANDLING UNIT
30
What is any room containing permanently installed machinery and equipment for the mechanical systems of a building?
MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT ROOM
31
What is an air conditioning system in which either hot or chilled water is piped to fan-coil units in the served spaces where air is circulated locally?
ALL-WATER SYSTEM
32
What is a terminal unit containing an air filter, heating or cooling coils, and a centrifugal fan for drawing in a mixture of room air and outside air?
FAN-COIL UNIT
33
What do you call a connected series of pipes or tubing in rows or layers, often having fins attached to dissipate heat?
COIL
34
What is an air-conditioning system in which central fans distribute conditioned air to the served spaces by means of ductwork?
ALL-AIR SYSTEM
35
What is an all-water system in which one pipe supplies the hot or chilled water to fan coil units, and the other pipe returns it to the boiler or chilled water plant?
TWO-PIPE SYSTEM
36
What is an all-water system in which separate hot-water and chilled-water piping circuits provide for simultaneous heating and cooling as needed in various zones of a building?
FOUR-PIPE SYSTEM
37
What is an all-air system in which a single duct conveys conditioned air to the served spaces?
SINGLE-DUCT SYSTEM
38
What is an all-air system in which a master thermostat automatically regulates the quantity of conditioned air supplied to each zone?
CONSTANT-AIR-VOLUME SYSTEM
39
What is an all-air system in which a thermostatically controlled variable-volume box regulates the quantity of conditioned air supply to each zone?
VARIABLE-AIR-VOLUME SYSTEM
40
What is an all-air system in which separate cold-air and warm-air supply ducts meet at a mixing box where the air is blended before distribution to each zone?
DUAL DUCT SYSTEM
41
What is an all-air system in which a reheat coil regulates the temperature of air being furnished to each individually controlled zone?
TERMINAL REHEAT SYSTEM
42
What do you call a central air-handling unit capable of serving up to eight zones simultaneously?
MULTIZONE SYSTEM
43
What is a chamber for proportioning and blending cold and warm air under thermostatic control to reach the desired temperature?
MIXING BOX
44
What is an electric or hot water coil for raising the temperature of the air in the supply duct of an air-conditioning system?
REHEAT COIL
45
What is an air conditioning system in which high velocity ducts supply conditioned air from a central plant to each zone where it mixes with room air and is further heated or cooled in an induction or fan-coil unit?
AIR-WATER SYSTEM
46
What is a systematic often chronological narrative of significant events as relating to a particular people, country, or period often including an explanation of their causes?
HISTORY
47
What is an advanced state of human society marked by a relatively high level of cultural, technical, and political development?
CIVILIZATION
48
What is an enduring and cooperating large-scale community of people having common traditions, institutions, and identity, whose members have developed collective interests and beliefs through interaction with one another?
SOCIETY
49
What is an integrated pattern of human knowledge, beliefs, and behaviors built up by a group of human beings and transmitted from one generation to the next?
CULTURE
50
What is the ancient region in Western Asia between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers comprising the lands of Sumer and Akkad and occupied successively by the Sumerians Babylonians Assyrians and Persians (now part of Iraq)?
MESOPOTAMIA
51
What is an agricultural region arching from the Eastern shores of the Mediterranean Sea in the west to Iraq in the east the location of humankind's earliest cultures?
FERTILE CRESCENT
52
What do you call the architecture developed by the Sumerians who dominated Southern Mesopotamia from the 4th to the end of the 3rd millennium BCE, characterized by **monumental temples of sun-dried brick faced with burnt or glazed brick** often built upon the ruins of their predecessors?
SUMERIAN ARCHITECTURE
53
What is the ancient region in Southern Mesopotamia where a number of independent cities and city states were established as early as 5,000 BCE; it's cities are Eridu, Uruk, and Ur, considered major archeological sites?
SUMER
54
What are the three cities of Sumer?
ERIDU
URUK
UR
55
What is a neolithic settlement in **Anatolia** dated 6,500 to 5,000 BCE; one of the earliest cities of the world; it had **mud brick fortifications and houses, fresco shrines, a fully developed agriculture, and extensive trading in obsidian**, the chief material for tool making?
CATAL HUYUK
56
Of, pertaining to , or existing in the time prior to the recording of human events, knowledge of which is gained mainly through archaeological discoveries, study, and research
PREHISTORIC
57
What do you call the earliest known period of human culture, preceding the Bronze age and the Iron age and characterized by the **use of stone implements and weapons**?
STONE AGE
58
Of or relating to the last phase of the Stone Age characterized by the cultivation of grain crops, domestication of animals, settlement of villages, manufacture of pottery and textiles, and use of polish stone implements?
NEOLITHIC
59
What is a period of human history that began c. 4000-3000 BCE, following the Stone Age and preceding the Iron Age, characterized by the use of bronze implements?
BRONZE AGE
60
What do you call a Bronze Age culture that flourished in the Indus Valley c. 2300-4500 BCE?
HARAPPA
61
What do you call a Neolithic culture in China centered around the fertile plains of the Yellow River, characterized by pit dwellings and fine pottery painted in geometric designs?
YANG-SHAO
62
What do you call a Chinese dynasty, c. 1600-1030 BCE, marked by the introduction of writing, the development of an urban civilization, and a mastery of bronze casting?
SHANG
Also, YIN
63
What do you call the indigenous architecture of a vast country in eastern Asia whose civilization has continually evolved and survived longer than any other nation in the world; despite the marked diversity in the architecture of various regions caused by differences in geographic and climatic conditions, a unique system of wood frame construction gradually took shape over several millennia of innovation and synthesis and exerted a profound influence over the architecture of Korea, Japan, and Southeast Asia?
CHINESE ARCHITECTURE
64
What do you call the architecture of the Bronze Age civilization that flourished on Crete from about 3000-1100 BCE, named after the legendary King Minos of Knossos and characterized by the elaborate palaces at Knossus and Phaetus?
MINOAN ARCHITECTURE
65
What do you call the architecture of the ancient civilization that flourished along the Nile River in northwest Africa from before 3000 BCE to its annexation by Rome in 30 BCE, characterized esp. by axial planning of massive masonry tombs and temples, the use of trabeated construction with precise stonework, and the decoration of battered walls with pictographic carvings in relief; A preoccupation with eternity and the afterlife dominated the building of these funerary monuments and temples, which reproduced the features of domestic architecture but on a massive scale using stone for permanence?
EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
66
What do you call the architecture of the Hittite Empire, which dominated Asia Minor and northern Syria from about 2000 to 1200 BCE, characterized by fortifications of cyclopean stone masonry and gateways with portal sculptures?
HITTITE ARCHITECTURE
67
What is a Babylonian legal code instituted by Hammurabi in the mid 18th century BCE, based on principles absorbed from Sumerian culture?
CODE OF HAMMURABI
68
What do you call the architecture of the Aegean civilization that spread its influence from Mycenae in Southern Greece to many parts of the Mediterranean region from about 1600 to 1100 BCE, characterized by shaft graves, monumental beehive tombs, and palaces fortified with cyclopean walls?
MYCENAEAN ARCHITECTURE
69
What do you call the Mesopotamian architecture developed under the Assyrian king-emperors of the 9th to 7th centuries BCE; within city walls strengthened by towers with crenelated battlements, palaces took precedence over religious bldgs; vaulting played a greater role than in southern Mesopotamia and polychrome glazed brickwork showed the influence of Egyptian decoration?
ASSYRIAN ARCHITECTURE
70
What do you call the architecture of the civilization that flourished on the Greek peninsula, in Asia Minor, on the north coast of Africa, and in the western Mediterranean until the establishment of Roman dominion in 146 CE, characterized by a system of construction based on rules of form and proportion; temples of post-and-lintel construction were continually refined in a quest for perfection and their design influenced a wide range of secular, civic bldgs?
GREEK ARCHITECTURE
71
What do you call a Chinese dynasty, c. 1030-256 BCE, marked by the division of China into separate feudal states and the emergence of Confucianism and Taoism, which gave thrust to all subsequent Chinese culture?
ZHOU
Also, CHOU
72
What is a philosophy that dominated China until the 20th century, an ethical system based on the teachings of Confucius, emphasizing love for humanity, harmony in thought and conduct, devotion to family, and reverence for parents, including the spirits of one's ancestors?
CONFUCIANISM
73
What do you call the interaction of two opposing and complementary principles in Chinese philosophy - one that is feminine, dark, and negative and the other that is masculine, bright, and positive - that influences the destinies of creatures and things?
YIN-YANG
74
What do you call the principle in Chinese philosophy that is defined as masculine, bright, and positive?
YANG
75
What do you call the principle in Chinese philosophy that is defined as feminine, dark, and negative?
YIN
76
What do you call a ritual structure in Chinese architecture that serves as the symbolic center of imperial power; also known as Bright hall?
MINGTANG
77
What do you call a ritual structure in Chinese architecture enclosing a space in the shape of the bi, a flat jade ceremonial disk; also known as the Jade ring moat?
BIYONG
78
What do you call a raised astronomical observatory in chinese architecture, usually the central, circular upper story of the mingtang; also known as spirit altar?
LINGTAI
79
What is the standard unit of space in Chinese architecture, marked by adjacent frame supports?
JIAN
80
What do you call the Mesopotamian architecture that developed after the decline of the Assyrian Empire, deriving much from Assyrian architecture and enhanced by figured designs of heraldic animals in glazed brickwork?
NEO-BABYLONIAN ARCHITECTURE
81
What do you call a series of irrigated ornamental gardens planted on the terraces of the Citadel, the palace complex in ancient Babylon; regarded as one of the Seven Wonders of the World?
HANGING GARDENS OF BABYLON
82
Of or pertaining to Greek history, culture, and art from the time of Alexander the Great's death
HELLENISTIC
HELLENIC
83
What is the architecture developed under the Achaemenid dynasty of kings who ruled ancient Persia (from 550 BCE until its conquest by Alexander the Great in 331 BCE), characterized by a synthesis of architectural elements of surrounding countries, such as Assyria, Egypt, and Ionian Greece?
PERSIAN ARCHITECTURE
84
What do you call the columnar audience hall in a persian palace?
APADANA
85
What is the architecture developed under Parthian rule in Iran and western Mesopotamia, from the 3rd century BCE to the 3rd century CE, combining classical with indigenous features?
PARTHIAN ARCHITECTURE
86
What is the architecture of the Etruscan people in west-central Italy from the 8th to 3rd centuries BCE, before the rise of Rome; its construction methods, esp. that of the true stone arch, influenced later Roman architecture?
ETRUSCAN ARCHITECTURE
87
What is the fortified wall commenced under the Zhou dynasty to protect China against nomads from the north and serve as a means of communication which extends from southern Kansu province to the coast least of Beijing?
GREAT WALL OF CHINA
88
How long is the Great Wall of China?
1,500 miles (2,415 km)
89
What Chinese philosophy and religion is considered next to Confucianism in importance; based on the teachings of Lao-tzu, emphasizing a life of simplicity and noninterference with the course of natural events in order to attain a happy existence in harmony with the Tao?
TAOISM
90
What do you call the creative principle that orders the universe in Taoism; also known as "The Way"?
TAO
91
What is a pre-Incan culture that flourished on the northern coast of Peru from c. 2000 BCE-700 CE, noted for its fine pottery and the colossal Temple of the Sun, a terraced pyramid made entirely of adobe bricks?
MOCHICA
Also, MOCHE
92
What do you call the architecture of the Mesoamerican civilization, which flourished c. 1200-500 BCE in the tropical lowlands of the Mexican Gulf Coast, characterized by temple-pyramids and large ceremonial centers?
OLMEC ARCHITECTURE
93
What do you call the architecture of the Indian subcontinent, from the Indus Valley culture of the Harappa to the Mauryan era, and later to periods of foreign domination and indigenous rule, characterized esp. by Hindu and Buddhist monuments, sometimes sharing the same site, and rhythmic, stratified multiplication of motifs and profuse carved ornamentation, often combining the religious and the sensuous?
INDIAN ARCHITECTURE
94
What is the architecture of the Chavin civilization that developed in the northern Andean highlands from 900 BCE - 200 CE, characterized chiefly by the Chavin de Huantar temple complex?
CHAVIN ARCHITECTURE
95
What is a column of rock portraying a Chavin mythical being who provided the god's oracular declamations?
LANZON
96
What is the architecture of ancient Greece and Rome, on which the Italian Renaissance and subsequent styles, such as Baroque and the Classic Revival, based their development?
CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE
97
What do you call the architecture of the ancient Roman people, characterized by massive brick and concrete construction employing such features as the semicircular arch, the barrel and groin vaults, and the dime, a simplicity and grandeur of massing often combined with elaborate detailing, the elaboration of the Greek orders as purely decorative motifs for me adornment of facades and interiors, and the use of marble linings, mosaics, and molded stucco in interiors?
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
98
What do you call the main north-south route in an ancient Roman town or military camp?
CARDO
99
What do you call the main east-west route in ancient Roman town or military camp?
DECUMANUS
100
What do you call an ancient Roman military camp having streets laid out in a grid pattern?
CASTRUM
101
What do you call an elaborate public bathing establishment of the ancient Greeks and Romans, consisting of hot, warm, and cool plunges, sweat rooms, and athletic and other facilities?
THERMAE
102
What do you call the room in an ancient Roman thermae containing hot water for bathing?
CALDARIUM
103
What is a room containing a bath of moderately warm water in an ancient Roman thermae, located between the frigidarium and the caldarium?
TEPIDARIUM
104
What is the room in an ancient Roman thermae containing a bath of unheated water?
FRIGIDARIUM
105
What is a system of slues in the floor or walls of ancient Roman bldgs, especially baths, that provided central heating by receiving and distributing the heat from a furnace?
HYPOCAUST
106
What is an underground cemetery consisting of linked galleries and chambers with recesses for coffins and tombs; the term most commonly refers to the subterranean complex of layered corridors with burial vaults, chambers, and niches, covered with inscribed tablets and often decorated with frescoes, built by the early Christians in and near Rome?
CATACOMBS
107
What is the architecture of the Mesoamerican civilization of the Yucatan Peninsula, Guatemala, and part of Honduras, from the first century CE to its peak in the 9th century, characterized by magnificent ceremonial centers with temple-pyramids, ritual ball courts, spacious plazas, and palaces with sculptured facades?
MAYAN ARCHITECTURE
108
What is the Mayan word for the deep water-filled sinkholes that the Itza associated with the underworld?
CENOTÉ
109
What is the final phase of Roman architecture, following the adoption of Christianity as the state religion by constantine in 313 CE and lasting until the coronation of Charlemagne in 800 CE as emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, characterized by churches planned for congregational worship, esp. the basilica; coincident with and related to the rise of Byzantine architecture?
EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE
110
What is the architecture of the European Middle Ages, comprising the achitecture of the Byzantine, pre-Romanesque, Romanesque, and Gothic periods?
MEDIEVAL ARCHITECTURE
111
What is the architecture prevalent in Persia under the Sassanian dynasty that ruled 226-651 CE, forming a link between the older Mesopotamian traditions and the Byzantine, and characterized by palaces with elliptical vaults and domes set on squinches and stuccoed masonry walls articulated by pilasters and cornices?
SASSANIAN ARCHITECTURE
112
What is a style of architecture emerging in Italy and western Europe in the 9th century and lasting until the advent of Gothic architecture in the 12th century, comprising a variety of related regional styles and characterized by heavy, articulated masonry construction with narrow openings, the use of the round arch and barrel vault, the development of the vaulting rib and shaft, and the introduction of central and western towers for churches?
ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE
113
What is the architecture of the eastern sphere of the later Roman Empire, developing from late Roman and early Christian antecedents in the 55th century CE, and influencing church bldg in Greece, Italy, and elsewhere for more than a thousand years; characterized by masonry construction, round arches, shallow domes carried on pendentives, and the extensive use of rich frescoes, colored glass mosaics, and marble revetments to cover whole interiors?
BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE
114
What is the eclectic architecture of the Amerindian civilization, which flourished c. 500 BCE - 1000 CE in the highland valley of Oaxaca in southern Mexico, assimilating influences from the Olmecs and from Teotihuacan during the Classic period?
ZAPOTEC ARCHITECTURE
115
What do you call the well commonly found in western India, often several stories deep and having architectural features, esp. long staircases that teach down to a dependable, year-round supply of water from underground aquifers?
STEPWELL
Also,
BAOLI, BANDI, VAAV, VAV
116
What is the architecture of the Muslim peoples from the 7th century on, developing in the wake of Muhammadan conquests of diverse territories from Spain in the west to India in the east and absorbing elements of art and architecture from each region; characterized by the development of the mosque as a distinct bldg type, domes and tunnel vaults of brick and stone, round and horseshoe arches, and rich surface decorations incorporating calligraphy and floral motifs in a geometric framework because of the ban on human and animal representations?
ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
Also referred as,
MUSLIM ARCHITECTURE, MUHAMMADAN ARCHITECTURE, SARACENIC ARCHITECTURE
117
what is the religious faith of Muslims, based on the teachings of the prophet Muhammad, the central themes of which are belief in the one God, Allah, the existence of Paradise and Hell, and the universal Judgement Day to come?
ISLAM
Also,
MUHAMMADANISM
118
What is the Islamic architecture of North Africa and esp. of the regions of Spain under Moorish domination, characterized by the bldg of large mosques and elaborate fortress-palaces?
MOORISH ARCHITECTURE
119
What is the castle or fortress of the Spanish Moors, specifically, the palace of the Mourish kings in Seville, Spain, which was later used by Spanish kings?
ALCAZAR
120
What is the architecture of the civilization that emerged on the Japanese archipelago off the east coast of Asia, characterized by a synthesis of seminal ideas from China and native onditions producing a distinctive style characterized by lightness, delicacy, and refinement?
JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE
