Vitamins Flashcards
(156 cards)
1
Q
Organic compound required in the diet In small amounts for maintenance of normal metabolic integrity
A
Vitamins
2
Q
Not considered as vitamins
A
Vit D and Niacin
3
Q
Two types of vitamins
A
Water and Fat soluble
4
Q
Types of water soluble vitamins
A
B and Non B Complex
5
Q
Example of Non B complex
A
Vit C
6
Q
Types of B complex Vitamins
A
Energy-releasing: Thiamine (B1), Riboflavin (B2), Niacin (B3), Biotin, Pantothenic Acid
Hematopoeitic: Folic Acid, Vit B12
Others: Pyridoxine, Pyridoxal, Pyridoxamine
7
Q
Fat-soluble vitamins
A
ADEK
8
Q
Vitamin for vision and cell differentiation
A
Vit A
9
Q
Vitamin for Calcium and Phosphate metabolism and cell Differentiation
A
Vit D
10
Q
A fat soluble vitamin that is an oxidant
A
Vit E
11
Q
Vitamin essential for blood clot
A
Vit K
12
Q
A person with definciency in Vit A is prone to
A
Night blindedness and Xeropthalmia
13
Q
A person with rickets (young) or osteomalacia (adult) has deficiency in what vitamin?
A
Vit D
14
Q
Vit E deficiency
A
Neurologic disorders and Hemolytic Anemia
15
Q
HDN is a deficiency in
A
Vit K
16
Q
Absorption of fat-soluble vitamins is dependent on
A
Ileum, bile, pancreas
17
Q
Toxicity is more common and affected by malabsorption syndromes
A
Fat-Soluble Vitamins
18
Q
What are the Malabsorption Syndromes?
A
Cystic Fibrosis
Celiac Sprue
Mineral Oil Intake
19
Q
Forms of Vitamin A
A
Retinol
Retinal
Retinoic acid
20
Q
Storage form of Vit A
A
Retinyl Esters
21
Q
Vitamin A is also known as
A
Beta carotene
22
Q
Transport form of Vit A
A
RBP retinol binding protein
23
Q
Vitamin A is mainly stored where? And in what specific cells?
A
Liver, Ito cells
Transported with chylomicrons
24
Q
Vit A for regeneration of epithelium (skin and cancer)
A
Retinoic Acid
25
Two types of Retinoic Acid
Tretinoin: all-trans (for psoriasis)
Isotretinoin: 13-cis (for severe acne)
26
Vit A that supports gametogenesis in gonads
Retinol
27
Vit A that is highly teratogenic
Isotretinoin
28
Only vit used in trx of cancers
Tretinoin
29
Vit A present in rods and cone cells for vision
Function as prosthetic group of opsins
Retinal
30
Vit A def: lost of sensitivity to green light will lead to
Nyctalopia (night blindedness)
31
Vit A def that leads to corneal keratinization and ulceration
Xeropthalmia
32
Corneal keratinization that occurs in conjunctiva
Vitot's spots
33
Vitamin a excess (hypervitaminosis A)
```
Pseudotumor cerebru
Excessive dryness, desquamation, alopecia
Hepatomegaly
Inc fractures
Teratogenic
```
34
Pseudotumor cerebri (inc ICP) can be seen in patients with
Excess vit A
35
Other term for Vit D
Calciferol
36
Types of Vit D
Ergocalciferol
Cholecalciferol
Calcitrol
37
Vit D2, milk, plant sources
Ergo calciferol
38
Vit D3, skin, animal sources
Cholecalciferol
39
Precursor of Vit D
7 dehydrocholesterol
40
Storage form of Vit D
25-(OH) vit D3
41
Active form of vit D
1,25-(OH)2 vit D3 (calcitriol)
42
Considered as the most toxic vitamin, why?
Vit D
| Affects the heart and kidney
43
Vit D comes from
Cholesterol
44
Vit D synthesis
Starts: skin
1st activation: Liver
2nd activation: Kidney
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Vitamin that responds to hypocalcemia and PTH
Vit D
End goal: inc calcium, inc PO4
Inc intestinal abs of calcium
Inc bone resorption
Inc kidney reabsorption
46
What is the effect of Vit D in the bones at artery level
Bone deposition
47
Effect of Vit D in increased toxic dose
Bone resorption --calcium goes to bld:hypercalcemia
48
Vit D deficiency in children
Rickets (before growth palate closes)
49
Vit D deficiency in adult (after growth palate closes)
Osteomalacia
50
What causes Rickets/Osteomalacia?
Lack of vit D, calcium in diet
Lack of sunlight exposure
Intestinal malabsorption
Chronic Renal FailurTarget Organ resistance
51
Vitamin D excess (hypervitaminosis D)
Hypercalcemia
Anorexia and nausea
Thirst
Stupor
52
Other term for Vitamin E
Alpha tocopherol
53
Functions as an antioxidant in the lipid phase
Vitamin E
54
Protects membrane lipids from peroxidation
Vit E
55
Prevents oxidation of LDL therefore improving blood flow (dec atherogenesis)
Vit E
56
Condition in which dietary deficiency among humans is actually unknown
Vitamin E deficiency
57
Vitamin excess (least toxic vitamin)
Vitamin E
58
Vitamin E deficiency
Rbc fragility leading to HA
Neurologic dysfxn (neuropathy)
Muscle Membrane Damage
59
Types of vit K
Phylloquinone: K1: green veggies
Menaquinome: K2: intestinal bact
Menadione: synthetic
60
Type of vitamin k found in green vegetablea
Vit K1 - Phylloquinone
61
Vitamin K found in Intestinal Bacteria
Vit K2: menaquinone
62
Synthetic type of Vitamin K
Menadione
63
Vitamin K1 is also known as
Phylloquinone
64
Menaquinone is also known as
Vitamin K2
65
Functions for the carboxylation of glutamic acid residues in many calcium-binding proteins
Vitamin K
66
Vitamin k dependent calcium binding proteins
```
Coag factors (2,7,9,10)
Protein C and S
```
67
Deficiency of this vitamin is rare because it can be produced by bacterianin the GIT
Vitamin k deficiency
68
In HDN, presents as bleeding (including intracranial bleeds)
Vitamin K deficiency
69
Neonates are at risk because of sterile GIT and low content in breastmilk
Vit K deficiency
70
Vit K excess presents as
Jaundice + hemolytic anemia
71
Antidote for Heparin
Protamine Sulfate
72
Heparin is given
Intravenously
73
Warfarin and coumadin is given
Orally
74
Vit K and FFP is the antidote for
Warfarin
75
Inhibits vit k dependent coagulation factors
Warfarin
76
Vit B1
Thiamine
77
Riboflavin
Vit B2
78
Vitamin B3
Niacin
79
Pantothenic Acid
B5
80
Vit B6
Pyridoxine (Pyridoxal phosphate)
81
Cobalamin
Vit B12
82
Vit B1 deficiency
Beri beri
83
Riboflavin def
Chellosis
Glossitis
Seborrhea
84
Vitamin B3 def
Pellagra
85
Cobalamin deficiency
Megaloblastic anemia
Methylmalonic aciduria
Pernicious anemia
86
Scurvy is a deficiency in
Vitamin C
87
Folate deficiency
Megaloblastic anemia
88
Excess water soluble vitamins wash out of the body in urine except
Vitamin B3, B6, B12
89
Active form of Vit B1
Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)
90
Used as cofactor in pyruvate dehydrogenase, alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and branched chain AA dehydrogenase
Thiamine
91
Transketolase rxns in the HMP shunt
Thiamine
92
Vit B1 def
Beri beri
| Wernicke-korsakoff syndrome
93
Types of beri beri
Dry = no heart failure, symmetrical muscle wasting
Wet = with heart failure, high output cardiac failure, edema
94
Manifestations of wernicke encephalopathy
ACO
Ataxia
Confusion
Opthalmoplegia
95
Manifestations of Korsakoff Psychosis
CHA
Confabulation
Hallucination
Amnesia
96
FAD and FMN is the active form of
Riboflavin
97
FAD
Flavin adenine dinucleotide
98
FMN
Flavin mononucleotide
99
Used as cofactors in redox rxns and electron carrier
Riboflavin, Niacin
100
Has intense yellow color: used as food preservative
Riboflavin
101
Primary source of riboflavin
Milk
102
Vit B2 deficiency
```
No def state, but with s/sx:
Stomatitis
Chellosis
Seborrheic dermatitis
Corneal vascularization
```
103
Active form of niacin
NAD and NADP
104
Source of ADP- Ribose: for proteins and nucleoproteins in DNA repair
Niacin
105
May be derived from Tryptophan using vitamin B6
Niacin
106
Niacin may be derived from tryptophan using what?
Vit B6
107
To what AA can you derive Niacin bg using Vit B6
Tryptophan
108
Niacin def presents as
Pellagra
109
Pellagra is?
4Ds: diarrhea
Dermatitis
Dementia
Death
110
Hartnup disease
Dec tryptophan absorption
111
Inc tryptophan metabolism will result to
Carcinoid syndrome
112
What is the effect of Isoniazid to Vit B6
Decrease
113
Can be given to TB Patients together with Vit B supplements
Isoniazid
114
Excess in niacin manifests as
Liver damage
115
A constituent of Coenzyme A
Pantothenic Acid ( Vit B5)
116
Used as cofactors for acyl transfers
Vit B5
117
Component if fatty acid synthase
Vit B5
118
Deficiency of this vitamin usually happens in animals
Vit B5
```
With s/sx:
Dermatitis
Enteritis
Alipecia
Adrenal insufficiency
```
119
What is the active form of pyridoxine?
Pyridoxal phosphate
120
Used as coenzyme in AA transamination, glycogen phosphorylase, cystathionine synthase, ALA synthase
Pyridoxine
121
Removes hornone-receptor complex from DNA: stops steroid hormone action
Pyrodoxine
122
Pyridoxine is also known as
Vitamin B6
123
Deficiency will lead to isoniazid toxicity and peripheral neuropathy
Pyridoxine
124
Intake of >299 mg/day will lead to gait problems and CNS Toxicity (excess)
Pyridoxine
125
Vitamin that has cobalt in center of corrin ring
Cobalamin (B12)
126
Types of vit B12
Methylcobalamin and cyanocobalamin
127
Cobalamin binds initially to ________ in the stomach
Salivary cobalophilin
128
Vitamin that needs intrinsic factor for absorption and is absorbed in terminal ileum
Cobalamin
129
Cobalamin is absorbed in what part of the stomach
Terminal ileum
130
2 active forma of cobalamine
5 deoxyadenosylcobalamin and
| Methylcobalamin
131
Active form of cobalamin used for methionine synthesis
5deoxyadenosylcobalamin
132
Active form of cobalamin used for isomerization reactions
Methylcobalamin
133
Deficiency in this vitamin will lead to Pernicious Anemia/ Megaloblastic Anemia due to auto immunity
Cobalamin
134
Deficiency of this vitamin will lead to autoimmune destruction of parietal cells leading to decreased IF secretion and decreased vit B12 absorption
Vitamin B12
135
Diagnostic test for Vit B12 deficiency
Schilling test, vit B12, anti-IF
136
Malabsorption or absence of terminal ileum will result to
Vitamin b12 deficiency
137
Structure: pterin ring + PABA + glutamate residues
Folic Acid
138
Humans cannot synthesize folate because it cannot synthesize what substances?
PABA and add glutamate
139
This vitamin should be provided by the diet
Folic Acid
140
Active form of Folic Acid
Tetrahydrofolate (THF)
PABA to DHF to THF
141
Used as coenzyme for 1 carbon transfer (methylation reactions)
Folic Acid
142
Anti cancer drugs that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase of humans
Methotrexate
143
An antimetabolite antibiotic that inhibits both processes in THF synthesis of bacteria
Co trimoxazole
144
Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase
Trimethoprim
145
Sulfamethoxazole inhibits what?
Dihydropteroate synthase
146
Most common vitamin deficiency in developed countries
Folic Acid def
147
Deficiency in this vitamin will lead to megaloblastic anemia with no neurologic symptoms
- - hypersegmentation of neutrophils
- - macrocytic anemia
Folic Acid
148
When is the best time to five Folic Acid to pregnant mothers
Before conception upto first trimester
149
What is the dosage of folic acid given to pregnant women
400 mcg daily
150
Why is Folic Acid is given to pregnant women
To prevent neural tube defects
151
Functional folate deficiency is seen in cases with
Inc homocystiene leading to inc risk of MI
152
Used as cofactor for carboxylation reactions
Biotin
153
Biotin deficiency can be induced by
Avidin in egg whites
--prevents biotin absorption
154
Used as cofactor in hydroxylation of proline and lysine (collagen synth) and dopamine beta hydroxylase
(Dopa to NE)
Vitamin C
155
Reduces ferric to ferrous in stomach to increase iron absorption
Vitamin C
156
Deficiency will lead to scurvy
Vitamin C
