w2- attach

Question 1

Who proposed Attachment Theory and when?

Answer 1

John Bowlby (1969, 1982).

Question 2

What is the main idea of Attachment Theory?

Answer 2

Early relationships are crucial for emotional and social development.

Question 3

Why do infants form attachments?

Answer 3

As a means of survival.

Question 4

What is the significance of secure attachment?

Answer 4

It is essential for later emotional regulation and relationships.

Question 5

What is the Universality Hypothesis?

Answer 5

All human infants form attachments regardless of cultural differences.

Question 6

What does the Normativity Hypothesis state?

Answer 6

Secure attachment is the norm in most societies (~60% of infants).

Question 7

What is the Sensitivity Hypothesis?

Answer 7

A caregiver’s sensitive and responsive caregiving leads to secure attachment.

Question 8

What is the Competence Hypothesis?

Answer 8

Secure attachment is linked to positive social and emotional outcomes later in life.

Question 9

What are the four attachment styles?

Answer 9

Secure, Avoidant, Resistant (Ambivalent), Disorganized.

Question 10

Describe Secure Attachment.

Answer 10

Infant may or may not cry upon separation, has a quick and positive reaction to reunion, and distress is reduced when comforted by the caregiver. (~60%)

Question 11

Describe Avoidant Attachment.

Answer 11

Infant shows no distress when separated, does not seek comfort at reunion, and treats caregiver and stranger similarly. (~15%)

Question 12

Describe Resistant (Ambivalent) Attachment.

Answer 12

Infant has marked distress upon separation, resists contact with the caregiver at reunion, and contact does not reduce distress. (~10%)

Question 13

Describe Disorganized Attachment.

Answer 13

Infant has no consistent behavior pattern and may show fear, confusion, or disorientation toward the caregiver. (~15%)

Question 14

Who are key researchers in individual differences in attachment?

Answer 14

Meins (2017) and Van IJzendoorn et al. (1999).

Question 15

What are the two main types of attachment measures?

Answer 15

Behavioral measures and representational measures.

Question 16

Name two behavioral measures of attachment.

Answer 16

Strange Situation Procedure (Ainsworth et al., 1978) and Attachment Q-Sort (Waters & Deane, 1985).

Question 17

Name two representational measures of attachment.

Answer 17

Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) (George, Kaplan & Main, 1985) and Child Attachment Interview (CAI) (Goetz et al., 2008).

Question 18

How many episodes are in the Strange Situation Procedure?

Answer 18

Eight.

Question 19

What are the strengths of the Strange Situation Procedure?

Answer 19

It is standardized and has strong predictive validity for later development.

Question 20

What are the limitations of the Strange Situation Procedure?

Answer 20

Artificial lab setting may affect behavior, and cultural variations impact attachment styles.

Question 21

What is the AAI used for?

Answer 21

Semi-structured interview to assess childhood attachment experiences in adults.

Question 22

What are the four adult attachment classifications?

Answer 22

1. Secure Attachment (50%) – Open, coherent discussion of past relationships with balanced and consistent accounts. 2. Dismissing Attachment (25%) – Difficulty remembering early experiences, provides positive descriptions without supporting details and cannot give examples. 3. Preoccupied Attachment (8%) – Overly focused on past relationships, often expresses anger, confusion, or excessive worry. 4. Unresolved Attachment (17%) – History of trauma, abuse, or neglect, has not resolved these issues, and displays disorganized thought patterns.

Question 23

What are the percentage of adults in each attachment classification and who suggested it?

Answer 23

Bakermans-Kranenburg et al (2024), Secure (50%), Dismissing (25%), Preoccupied (8%), Unresolved (17%).

Question 24

What study found AAI classifications are stable over time and what does this suggest?

Answer 24

High test-retest reliability with 78% consistency in parents (Bakermans-Kranenburg & Van IJzendoorn, 1993).

Question 25

What did Sagi et al evaluate about the AAI?

Answer 25

90% consistency in young adults suggests test-retest reliability.

Question 26

What study showed AAI classifications are not influenced by IQ or social desirability and what does this suggest?

Answer 26

Bakermans-Kranenburg & Van IJzendoorn (1993). Suggests that the AAI is a valid measure as it’s not influenced by IQ.

Question 27

What evidence is there for the validity of the AAI?

Answer 27

Secure attachment correlates with positive social adjustment.

Question 28

What is the Child Attachment Interview (CAI) and who developed it?

Answer 28

The CAI is a semi-structured interview for children aged 7-12, developed by Goetz et al. (2008). It assesses verbal and non-verbal cues, perceptions of attachment figures, and separate representations with developmentally appropriate scaffolding.

Question 29

What types of questions are included in the Child Attachment Interview (CAI)?

Answer 29

The CAI consists of 15 questions (lasting 20-60 mins), e.g., "Tell me about your family."

Question 30

How reliable is the Child Attachment Interview (CAI)?

Answer 30

1. High inter-rater reliability (r = .81-.88). 2. Good test-retest reliability over 3 months (k = .81 for mother, .52 for father), showing it is more reliable for assessing attachment with mothers.

Question 31

How valid is the Child Attachment Interview (CAI)?

Answer 31

1. Attachment classification is not affected by IQ, language ability, SES, or age. 2. Clinically referred children are more likely to have insecure attachment. 3. Correlates with internalizing and externalizing behaviors (Madigan et al., 2016).

Question 32

What does recent research say about measuring attachment across the lifespan?

Answer 32

Opie et al. (2021) explored attachment stability from childhood to adulthood.

Question 33

What problems are there with grouping attachment types in research?

Answer 33

Different research groups categorize attachment differently, influencing results.

Question 34

What cultural bias is there in attachment research?

Answer 34

1. North America and Europe host only 10% of the world’s population but most attachment research comes from these regions (Tomlinson et al., 2014). 2. Western attachment research often emphasizes the role of a single caregiver (typically the mother) and values independence and exploration.

Question 35

What study examined attachment in China?

Answer 35

Archer et al. (2015) found secure attachment was common but varied by region. Supports universality.

Question 36

What large-scale study supported universality using Strange Situation data?

Answer 36

Madigan et al. (2023) analyzed data from 20,000 participants across continents.

Question 37

What did Bowlby (1977) suggest about early attachments?

Answer 37

Early experiences with parents strongly influence later ability to form affectionate bonds.

Question 38

What is the Prototype Account of attachment continuity?

Answer 38

Early attachment experiences form lasting internal working models. These persist into adulthood and shape future relationships.

Question 39

What is the Revisionist Account of attachment continuity?

Answer 39

Early attachment patterns can be updated based on later experiences. New caregiving experiences can revise internal working models. Attachment is not set in stone and can change.

Question 40

What study is a key reference for continuity of attachment?

Answer 40

Fraley et al. (2011).

Question 41

What did Opie et al. (2021) analyze in their meta-analysis to test the continuity hypothesis?

Answer 41

79 samples using the Strange Situation (12-75 months). Moderate correlations between early (T1) and later (T2) attachment.

Question 42

What were the stability rates of attachment over time (T1 → T2)?

Answer 42

Secure → Secure: 67%, Avoidant → Avoidant: 25%, Resistant → Resistant: 28%, Disorganized → Disorganized: 34%.

Question 43

What evidence supports the Prototype Account?

Answer 43

Waters et al. (2000): SSP & AAI correlation of .40 (moderate). However, only 50 participants.

Question 44

What does evidence from Groh et al. (2014) suggest?

Answer 44

Secure infants → Secure adults (61.6%). However, avoidant was only a third and resistant/disorganized were less than 3% (.01 correlation).

Question 45

What evidence supports the Revisionist Account?

Answer 45

1. Groh et al. (2014): Avoidant, resistant, and disorganized classifications were weak predictors of adult attachment. 2. Booth-La Force et al. (2014): Changing life circumstances affect attachment types.