w2-pre Flashcards
(44 cards)
What was the aim of Bowlby’s (1947) study on juvenile thieves?
To investigate the effects of early maternal separation on delinquent behavior.
What percentage of the 44 juvenile thieves in Bowlby’s study had experienced early prolonged separation from their mothers?
0.61
What was Bowlby’s key conclusion from his 1951 WHO report?
The quality of early parental care is crucial for mental health.
What is Bowlby’s famous quote about maternal separation and delinquency?
“Prolonged separation… stands foremost among the causes of delinquent character development.”
How was attachment viewed before the 1950s?
As a secondary drive, meaning infants bonded with caregivers only for survival needs (e.g., food). Attachment is secondary to survival needs.
How did Bowlby challenge the secondary drive view?
He suggested Primary drive theory where attachment resulted from nutritional satisfaction e.g. infants bond because caregivers provide food.
How did Lorenz (1935) challenge the primary drive theory?
He showed that geese imprint on the first moving object they see, regardless of food, suggesting attachment is biologically programmed.
What did Harlow & Zimmerman’s (1959) monkey experiment demonstrate?
Infant monkeys preferred the cloth mother (comfort) over the wire mother (food), proving attachment is based on security, not nutrition.
How did Bowlby (1969) define attachment?
A strong affectional bond that promotes proximity-seeking behavior.
What is Bowlby’s (1988) concept of a secure base?
A caregiver who provides a safe foundation for the child to explore the world.
What are two key attachment behaviors according to Bowlby?
- Proximity-seeking (crying, smiling, vocalizing, reaching). 2. Proximity-maintaining (clinging, following, calling).
What were Mary Ainsworth’s 3 major contributions to attachment research?
- Developed lab methods to study attachment in infants. 2. Introduced sensitive caregiving as a key factor in attachment security. 3. Findings - identified ID in the quality of attachments.
What was Ainsworth & Bell’s (1970) key finding?
Attachment relationships are qualitatively different from one another.
Who developed the stages of early development?
Bowlby 1969.
What happens in Phase I (0-3 months) of attachment development?
Infants signal for care without discrimination between caregivers.
At what age do infants start preferring certain caregivers but still accept others?
Phase II (3-6 months).
When does clear attachment to one main caregiver emerge?
Phase III (9 months - 2 years).
What is a “goal-corrected partnership” in attachment development?
In Phase IV (2.5+ years), children develop an internal working model of relationships, predicting caregiver behavior.
What did Schaffer & Emerson (1964) find about early attachment behaviors?
Initially, infants indiscriminately seek proximity from any adult but by 25 weeks, they prefer specific caregivers, only demonstrating proximity-promoting behavior to those individuals.
What does the Universality and Normality Hypothesis suggest?
All infants develop attachments, and secure attachment is the most common style worldwide.
What does the Continuity Hypothesis propose?
Early attachment patterns remain stable throughout life (internal working model).
What is the Sensitivity Hypothesis?
A caregiver’s responsiveness determines an infant’s attachment security.
What does the Competence Hypothesis claim?
Secure attachment leads to better social, emotional, and cognitive outcomes.
What did Fearon & Roisman (2017), Meins (2017), and Mesman et al. (2016) find about secure attachment?
It predicts better emotional regulation, higher self-esteem, and better social competence.
