W4 - REFERENCES Flashcards
(57 cards)
What is perceptual development?
The emergence and refinement of abilities to detect, interpret, and organise sensory information. (James, 1890)
What does the term “blooming, buzzing confusion” describe?
It describes the idea that newborns are passive perceivers with unorganised experience. (James, 1890)
What do newborns prefer to look at, indicating early visual discrimination?
Schematic faces, bull’s-eyes, and checkerboards over plain stimuli. (Fantz, 1961)
What evidence shows that newborns can perceive shape and size constancy?
Habituation studies indicating early configural processing as newborns can discriminate between new and novel shapes. (Slater et al., 1983)
How does perception of surface properties change between 3–8 months?
3–4 months detect light field changes; 7–8 months detect reflectance. (Yang et al., 2014)
What study supports early object permanence using violation-of-expectation?
3.5-month-olds dishabituated to impossible object events. (Baillargeon et al., 1985)
What theory argues that infants are born with knowledge of object properties?
Core Knowledge Theory. (Spelke, 1992/1998)
When did Piaget suggest object permanence emerges?
Around 8 months (Stage IV), through action-based learning. (Piaget, 1954)
Why might infants fail manual search tasks despite having object expectations?
Due to a gap between perceptual knowledge and motor action. (Hood, 2000)
What do newborns track from just 30 minutes after birth?
Faces. (Johnson et al., 1991)
What social cue do newborns show a preference for in faces?
Direct eye contact. (Farroni et al., 2002)
What did 4D ultrasound studies reveal about prenatal perception?
Fetuses show preference for face-like stimuli. (Reid et al., 2017)
What sound do newborns prefer over unfamiliar voices?
Their mother’s voice. (DeCasper & Fifer, 1980)
What type of story do newborns prefer after birth?
Stories read to them in utero. (DeCasper & Spence, 1986)
What is the crossmodal binding problem in infancy?
The challenge of integrating asynchronous sensory inputs like sound and vision.
How do infants detect amodal properties across modalities?
Better when the properties are presented redundantly. (Bahrick & Lickliter, 2000)
What did visually impaired infants show about multisensory perception?
They localise sound and touch well without visual input. (Gori et al., 2021)
Can newly sighted individuals match touch to vision immediately?
No—they cannot, indicating multisensory integration must be learned. (Held et al., 2011)
When do infants lose ability to discriminate non-native phonemes?
Around 12 months. (Werker & Tees, 1984)
When do infants begin to narrow perception to only human faces?
Between 6 and 9 months. (Pascalis et al., 2002)
What does narrowing in multisensory perception involve?
Losing ability to match non-human voices and faces with age. (Lewkowicz & Ghazanfar, 2006)
Why are behavioural and neuroscientific methods used to study infant perception?
Because infants cannot verbally report experiences; methods infer abilities via looking time, EEG, fNIRS.
What is the purpose of behavioural methods in infant research?
To infer perceptual discrimination, preferences, or surprise based on observable responses like looking time.
What does the visual preference method measure?
An infant’s preference for certain stimuli, indicating perceptual discrimination.
