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Anatomy 2 > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of tissue is blood?

A

Connective tissue

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2
Q

What is the matrix of blood and it’s cellular components called?

A

Plasma and formed elements

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3
Q

What is the % of red blood cells
(erythrocytes) in the
blood volume called?

A

Hematocrit

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4
Q

What are the plasma proteins? (3)

A
  • Albumins (60%)
  • Globulins (36%)
  • Clotting proteins
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5
Q

Which plasma protein is responsible for the following:

  • responsible for osmotic pressure in the blood
  • transport lipid, hormones, calcium and other solutes
  • buffer blood pH
A

Albumin

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6
Q

Which plasma protein is responsible for the following:

  • transport lipids
  • defense
A

Globulins

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7
Q

Which plasma protein includes fibrinogen and prothrombin?

A

Clotting proteins

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8
Q

The tendency of a solution (blood in this case) to hold (pull)
water into it, is what?

A

Osmotic pressure

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9
Q

The more the solute concentration, the greater the osmotic
pressure which means __________?

A

more water will move in

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10
Q

What are the metabolic wastes carried in plasma? (6)

A
  • Free amino acids
  • Urea
  • Uric acid
  • Creatinine
  • Ammonia
  • Bilirubin
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11
Q

91% of plasma contents is _____?

A

Water

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12
Q

Is plasma more or less viscous than water?

A

More viscous (4.5-5.5x more)

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13
Q

Plasma osmolarity is a measure of the concentration of _______ in the plasma.

A

Solute

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14
Q

Erythrocytes is another word for ______?

A

Red blood cells (RBCs)

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15
Q

What shape are erythrocytes?

A

Biconcave, disc shape

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16
Q

Mature erythrocytes are
_______ and have no cell
organelles.

A

anucleate

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17
Q

What blood cell uses use
anaerobic formation of ATP?

A

Erythrocytes

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18
Q

What is hemoglobin made up of? (2)

A

globin proteins and heme pigment

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19
Q

What binds to
amino groups on globin
proteins?

A

Carbon dioxide

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20
Q

What binds to
heme groups on globin
proteins?

A

Oxygen

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21
Q

Production of
formed elements is called _______?

A

Hematopoiesis

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22
Q

hematopoietic stem cell in red bone marrow is also known as?

A

Hemocytoblast

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23
Q

immature RBCs with ejected
nucleus and organelles (still contains
some ER) is called?

A

Reticulocytes

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24
Q

RBC production is regulated by _______?

A

Erythropoietin

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25
Old RBC become fragmented and get trapped in circulation, particularly in the _________.
Spleen
26
What happens to the heme units once the RBC has been phagocytized?
Heme portion is broken down into iron (recycled) and biliverdin (excreted as waste).
27
What happens to the globin units once the RBC has been phagocytized?
Globin portion (protein) is broken down into amino acids (recycled) - reused to make new proteins.
28
Four globin chains includes:
2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains
29
Four heme groups includes:
Each molecule has one molecule of iron which binds oxygen
30
What is HgbF?
Fetal hemoglobin
31
What is HgbS?
Sickle Cell Anemia
32
What is oxyhemoglobin?
Oxygenated blood
33
What is deoxyhemoglobin?
Deoxygenated blood
34
What is carbaminohemoglobin?
A compound of hemoglobin with carbon dioxide
35
What is anemia?
a condition marked by a deficiency of red blood cells or of hemoglobin in the blood
36
What is polycythemia?
a condition in which an overproduction of RBCs are produced causing an increase in blood viscosity (sluggish blood flow)
37
What are leukocytes main purpose?
Protecting your body from infection
38
What blood cell is more abundant in tissue than in the blood?
Leukocytes
39
What blood cells are complete cells with nuclei and other cell organelles?
Leukocytes
40
What are the two main categories of WBCs?
- Granulocytes - Agranulocytes
41
WBC production is via hemocytoblast and is stimulated by hematopoietic factors called _________.
Cytokines
42
What are the (3) granulocytes?
- Neutrophils - Basophils - Eosinophils
43
What are the (2) agranulocytes?
- Lymphocytes - Monocytes
44
Which granulocyte phagocytoses of bacteria and fungi?
Neutrophils
45
Which granulocyte releases histamine from granules and other substances that promote the inflammatory process?
Basophils
46
Which granulocyte releases enzymes from cytoplasm?
Eosinophils
47
Which agranulocytes produce antibodies and other chemicals that destroy microbes?
Lymphocytes
48
Which agranulocyte leaves the blood and become a macrophage in the long term?
Monocytes
49
What are the (4) steps of WBC action?
1. Margination 2. Diapedesis (transmigration) 3. Chemotaxis 4. Activation and phagocytosis
50
Accumulation and adhesion of leukocytes blood vessel walls is called _______?
Margination
51
Passage of WBC through the intact walls of blood vessels is called ______?
Diapedesis (transmigration)
52
Movement of a white blood cell toward a chemical stimulus is called _______?
Chemotaxis
53
Process of engulfing dead cells, bacteria, parasites and debris by a cell is called _______?
Phagocytosis
54
Overproduction of WBC is called _________ this occurs during infection.
Leukocytosis
55
Increased numbers of abnormal WBCs is called _______?
Leukemia
56
Platelets production is regulated by hormone thrombopoietin that comes from which organs?
Liver and kidneys
57
What is HSCs?
Hematopoietic stem cells
58
(3) Stages of hemostasis?
- Vascular spasm - Platelet plug formation - Coagulation
59
Immediate vasoconstriction happens in which stage of hemostasis?
Vascular spasm
60
What happens when there is injury to smooth muscles of blood vessels?
long-lasting vasoconstriction and release of serotonin by platelets
61
Which stage of hemostasis is this? - Become “sticky” when blood vessel broken, adhering to each other and releasing chemicals (serotonin and prostaglandins) - The aggregation of platelets
Platelet plug formation
62
Which stage of hemostasis is this? - A series (30) of chemical reactions of clotting factors and Ca++ to form the enzyme thrombin - Thrombin converts fibrinogen (in plasma) into fibrin (creates a mesh)
Coagulation
63
What is the role of calcium ions in blood clotting?
Calcium initiates the release of blood-clotting agents from your platelets
64
The surface of RBCs contain genetically determined assortment of glycoproteins and glycolipids is known as ______?
Antigens
65
Which antigen is most reactive?
Antigen D (Rh+)
66
The clumping of red blood cells within the body is called _______________?
Agglutinate
67
Person without antigen D has ______?
Designated Rh-
68
Rupture of the RBCs in the donated blood
Hemolysis
69
Blood plasma without the clotting factors is called _______?
Serum
70
Platelets are fragments from _________?
Megakaryotes
71
Are ABO blood groups glycolipids or glycoproteins?
Glycolipids

Anatomy 2 (13 decks)

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