Week 7 Flashcards
Immune system
1
Q
_____ line of defense: skin and mucous membranes
A
First
1
Q
______________ are agents capable of producing disease
A
Pathogens
2
Q
_________ line of defense: several innate defense mechanisms
A
Second
3
Q
__________ line of defense: adaptive immunity
A
Third
4
Q
The _________________ is a complex network of organs, cells and proteins that defends the body against infection, whilst protecting the body’s own cells
A
Immune system
5
Q
________________ are white blood cells that destroy infected and diseased cells, like cancer cells
A
Natural killer cells (NK cells)
6
Q
_______________________ are small proteins present in different lifeforms in nature that provide defense against microbial infections
A
Antimicrobial proteins (AMPs)
7
Q
______________ guards equally against a broad range of pathogens (non-specific)
A
Innate immunity
8
Q
__________________ is when the body develops separate immunity to each pathogen, has a memory of it, and is systemic
A
Adaptive immunity
9
Q
Is first and second line of defense part of innate immunity or adaptive immunity?
A
Innate
10
Q
Is third line of defense part of innate immunity or adaptive immunity?
A
Adaptive
11
Q
First line of defense includes (3):
A
- Skin
- Mucous membranes
- Secretions of skin and mucous membranes
12
Q
Second line of defense includes (5):
A
- Phagocytic cells
- Natural killer cells (NK cells)
- Antimicrobial proteins (AMPs)
- The inflammatory
response - Fever
13
Q
Name (3) Lymphocytes?
A
- B-cells
- T-cells
- Natural killer cells (NK cells)
14
Q
Do antibodies come from b-cells or t-cells?
A
B-cells
15
Q
Third line of defense includes (3):
A
- Lymphocytes
- Antibodies
- Macrophages and other
antigen-presenting cells
16
Q
Specific examples of the first line of defense? (4)
A
- Acidic pH of skin
- Stomach mucosa secretions
- Saliva and lacrimal fluid (tears)
- Mucus in digestive & respiratory pathways
17
Q
What is lacrimal fluid?
A
Tears
18
Q
Natural killer cells are a leukocyte but not a phagocyte, True or False?
A
True
19
Q
If physical barriers breached, ____________ & ______________ present in connective tissue
A
Cells & chemicals
20
Q
What is an aggressive lymphocyte?
A
Natural killer cell (NK cell)
21
Q
NK cells release chemicals called _____________to target the foreign cell’s membrane and form pores, leading to cell death
A
Perforins
22
Q
________________ is a type of cell death in which a series of molecular steps in a cell lead to its death
A
Apoptosis
23
Q
______________ from NK cell enter perforin hole and degrade enemy cell enzymes
A
Granzymes
24
_____________________ & _____________________chemicals produce a “killing zone” around cell
Hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorite
25
Neutrophils are present in _______________ tissues
Connective
26
Neutrophils produce a cloud of bactericidal chemicals which forms ________________?
Hydrogen peroxide
27
(4) cardinal signs of inflammation
- Pain
- Heat
- Redness
- Swelling
28
_____________ responses are triggered when body tissues are injured
Inflammatory
29
Mast cells release ____________?
Histamine
30
______________ are cells, such as
neutrophils and macrophages, engulf
foreign material into a vesicle
Phagocytes
31
Vesicle is fused with a ____________, and
enzymes from such will digest the material
Lysosome
32
_______________ is a vesicle that holds a pathogen
Phagosome
33
_______________ is fusion of a phagosome with a lysosome
Phagolysosome
34
Most important types of antimicrobial proteins (2)?
1. Complement proteins
2. Interferon
35
Globulins are what kind of protein?
Complement protein
36
When complement proteins are
activated and attach to a foreign
cell membrane, which leads to lysis of the foreign cell, this is referred to as?
Complement fixation
37
Basophils and mast cells secrete
Histamine
38
Histamine creates _______________?
Vasodilation
39
Complement proteins bind antigen that is bound to antibody complexes to RBCs for
transport to ____________ and ______________
1. spleen
2. liver
40
MAC?
Membrane attack complex
41
What happens during membrane attack
complex (MAC)?
The cell explodes
42
Complement C3 dissociates into ___ and _____?
C3a and C3b
43
Lectin binds to _______________ on pathogen surface?
Carbohydrates (sugars)
44
_______________________ dissociates on a low level by itself
Alternative pathway
45
(3) Pathways of complement activation to trigger C3 dissociation:
- Classic pathway
- Alternative pathway
- Lectin pathway
46
C3a role is?
Inflammation
47
C3b role is (3):
- Immune clearance
- Phagocytosis
- Cytolysis (explosion)
48
_____________ proteins circulate in blood in inactive form, become active through various means
Complement
49
_________________ proteins secreted by virus-infected cells that serve as a “warning
Interferon
50
Interferons cause cells to produce many _______________________ to help prevent becoming infected
Antiviral proteins
51
Hypothalamus thermostat can be reset higher by __________?
Pyrogens
52
______________ and ______________ reduce the ability of bacteria to multiply
Iron and zinc
53
(3) aspects of adaptive defense?
1. Antigen specific
2. Systemic
3. Memory
54
(2) sections of adaptative immunity?
- Humoral (Antibody-Mediated) Immunity
- Cellular (Cell-Mediated) Immunity
55
Humoral antibodies always activate on pathogens that are extracellular or intracellular?
Extracellular
56
___________________ employs antibodies dissolved in body fluids
Humoral
57
________________ Acts on pathogens in human cells (where antibodies can’t get to them)
Cellular immunity
58
NK are _______ immunity and T-cells are _________ immunity
1. Innate
2. Active
59
(4) types of acquired immunity?
- Active
- Passive
- Natural
- Artificial
60
___________ is when the body makes it's own antibodies or T cells against a pathogen
Active
61
___________ body acquires them from a person or animal immune to pathogen
Passive
62
____________ body naturally exposed to pathogen
Natural
63
____________ exposure is introduced by treatment or intervention
Artificial
64
____________ are dead or attenuated (weakened) pathogens; can trigger
immune response but causes little or no discomfort or disease
Vaccines
65
_______________ immunity is protection provided by “borrowed antibodies
Passive immunity
66
AG is?
Antigens
67
Antigens cannot be on the membrane of living pathogens or a molecule, true or false?
False
68
(2) Crucial cells of the adaptive system?
- Lymphocytes
- Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
69
APCs means?
Antigen-presenting cells
70
Lymphocytes respond to specific antigens (2):
- B cells
- T cells
71
______________________ help the
lymphocytes, but do not respond to specific antigen
Antigen-presenting cells
72
T cells develop in the ________ and B cells develop in the ________________?
1. Thymus
2. Bone marrow
73
Do T cells or B cells provide cell-
mediated immunity?
T cells
74
Do T cells or B cells provide humoral
immunity
B cells
75
_____________________ is having the ability to produce a normal immune response for the T and B cells.
Immunocompetence
76
Immunocompetence for T cells is developed in the __________ and B cells in the _________?
1. Thymus
2. Red bone marrow
77
_______________ is signaled by the appearance of antigen-specific receptors on surfaces of lymphocytes
Immunocompetence
78
Lymphocyte will be able to react to __ distinct antigen
One
79
(3) Major APCs:
* Dendritic cells
* Macrophages
* B lymphocytes
80
A ________________ is a B cell that has had it's receptor bind to a particular antigen
Plasma cell
81
Plasma cell role is to secrete as many _______________ antibodies
Free flowing
82
There are __ subunits in one antibody?
4
83
(5) major immunoglobulin
classes:
- IgG
- IgM
- IgA
- IgE
- IgD
Get Me Another Excellent Donut)
84
_____ is the first antibody secreted by a plasma cell by primary response.
IgM
85
____ Is found in the mucus
IgA
86
___ "fixes" complement
IgM
87
____ is involved in allergies and anaphylactic reactions
IgE
88
___ is a receptor on B cell
IgD
89
(4) Antibody functions
- Complement fixation
- Agglutination
- Precipitation
- Neutralization
90
The antibody function ________________ is when antibodies bind to specific sites on bacterial exotoxins or on viruses that can cause cell injury
Neutralization
91
The antibody function _____________ is a cross-linking reaction
Preciptitation
92
The antibody function _____________ results in cell lysis
Complement fixation
93
The antibody function ______________ is antibody-antigen reaction that causes clumping of cells
Agglutination
94
___ can cross the placental barrier and “fixes” complement
IgG
95
B cells can become _______ cells or ________ cells
1. Memory
2. Plasma
96
B lymphocytes with specific receptors bind to a specific antigen.
The binding event activates the lymphocyte to undergo ______________________?
Clonal selection
97
__________ T cells are the director of the adaptive immune system
Helper
98
Most B cells become ___________ cells and some B cells become ___________
1. Plasma cells
2. Memory cells
99
______________________ is essential for activation and clonal selection of T-cells
Antigen presenting cells (APCs)
100
Activated T-cells undergo clonal
selection and differentiate into (2) types:
- Effector T cells (Cytotoxic T cells and
Helper T cells)
- Memory T cells
101
________________ is by T-cell binding
simultaneously to a nonself antigen and a self-protein
Double recognition
102
Can you have an immune system response without helper T cells?
No
103
Cytotoxic (Killer) T cells and natural killer cells have the same process in killing infected cells, true or false?
True
104
_______________________ Release chemicals to suppress the activity of T and B cells.
Stop the immune response to prevent
uncontrolled activity
Regulatory T cells
105
(4) Major types of grafts:
* Autografts
* Isografts
* Allografts
* Xenografts
106
______________ disease occurs when the body’s self- tolerance is not working properly
Autoimmune
107
____________ are really tiny antigens that cannot activate an immune response unless allergic
Haptens
108
Anaphylactic reaction makes blood pressure _____?
Drop/decrease
