Week 9 Flashcards
Urinary system
1
Q
Name (2) functions of the urinary system?
A
- Elimination of waste products
- Regulation of aspects of homeostasis
2
Q
(3) Elimination waste products
A
- Nitrogenous wastes
- Toxins
- Drugs
3
Q
(6) Regulation aspects of homeostasis controlled by the urinary system?
A
- Water balance
- Electrolytes
- Acid-base balance in the blood
- Blood pressure
- RBC production
- Activation of vitamin D
4
Q
______________ is a charged ion that started as a salt because it dissolved in water
A
Electrolyte
5
Q
(2) chemicals that are important in acid-base balance?
A
- Hydrogen (determines acidity)
- Bicarbonate (soaks up hydrogen)
6
Q
____________ is produced by the kidneys to make RBCs
A
Erythropoietin
7
Q
(3) vitamin D functions:
A
- Immune function
- cellular growth
8
Q
(4) Urinary system organs
A
- Kidneys
- Ureters
- Urinary bladder
- Urethra
9
Q
The functional unit of the kidney is the _______________, consisting of millions of microscopic funnels and tubules.
A
nephron
10
Q
The nephron can be divided into (2) distinct parts:
A
- The renal corpuscle -> filter
- The renal tubule
11
Q
Where does reabsorption and secretion take place in the nephron?
A
The renal tubule
12
Q
Renal corpuscle consists of which (2) parts?
A
- Glomerulus
- Glomerular capsule (Bowman’s capsule)
13
Q
Bowman’s capsule is AKA?
A
Glomerular capsule
14
Q
_____________ a knot of capillaries, surrounded by podocytes
A
Glomerulus
15
Q
_______________ surrounds the glomerulus and is the first part of the renal tubule
A
Glomerular capsule
16
Q
The glomerulus allows everything to be filtered through except? (2)
A
Cells and proteins
17
Q
______________ have filtration slits and foot processes that stick to the glomerulus. This permits passage of small molecules into the Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule
A
Podocytes
18
Q
______________ extends from
glomerular capsule and ends all the way when it empties into the collecting duct
A
The renal tubule
19
Q
the (3) subdivisions of the renal tubule are:
A
- Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
- Nephron loop (Loop of Henle)
- Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
20
Q
Convoluted means?
A
Twisting and turning
21
Q
The nephron is everything from the glomerulus to the collecting ducts, true or false?
A
True
22
Q
___________________ are located entirely in the cortex and include most nephrons
A
Cortical nephrons
23
Q
___________________ is found at the middle of the cortex and medulla
A
Juxtamedullary nephrons
24
Q
Nephron loop dips deep into the ______________?
A
medulla
25
(2) capillary beds of the nephrons?
- Glomerulus
- Peritubular capillary bed
26
Secretion and reabsorption in the ______________ bed
Peritubular capillary bed
27
___________________ is fed and drained by
afferent and efferent arterioles
Glomerulus
28
What (2) factors make the glomerulus a high pressure area?
- Convoluted shape
- Efferent arteriole has a smaller diameter
29
High pressure forces _____________ and ____________ out of blood and into the glomerular capsule
fluid and solutes
30
Is the filtrate red? Why yes or no?
No because there are no RBCs
31
_________________________________ arise from efferent arteriole of the glomerulus and has normal, low-pressure, porous capillaries
Peritubular capillary beds
32
Is the glomerulus or peritubular capillary beds adapted for absorption
instead of filtration?
Peritubular capillary beds
33
_________________________ is the destination of the blood that is flowing through the peritubular capillary
interlobar
veins
34
(3) Steps Urine Formation
1. Glomerular filtration
2. Tubular reabsorption
3. Tubular secretion
35
____________ transport is when you go from a high concentration area to low concentration area with NO ATP
Passive
36
Where does glomerular filtration occur?
In the glomerulus
37
Where does tubular reabsorption occur?
In renal tubule
38
_____________ is the fluid that ends up in the glomerular capsule
Filtrate
39
Where does tubular secretion occur?
In renal tubule
40
Filtration is a _______________ passive process
nonselective
41
Filtrate is collected in the glomerular capsule and leaves via the _____________________?
renal tubule
42
Filtrate will be formed as long as systemic blood pressure is ______________?
Normal
43
Amount of filtrate created/min is known as?
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
44
____________ is abnormally low urine output (between 100 and 400
ml per day)
Oliguria
45
_______ is less than 100 ml of urine produced per day
Anuria
46
The sympathetic nervous system will stop urine production by constricting ____________________?
afferent arteriole
47
The peritubular capillaries reabsorb useful substances from the renal tubule cells, such as (4):
- Water
- Glucose
- Amino acids
- Ions Na+ -> Important
48
Some reabsorption is passive; most is _________?
Active
49
Most reabsorption (about 65%) occurs in the _______________________________?
proximal convoluted tubule
50
Whenever sodium is reabsorbed, what else is reabsorbed with it?
Chloride
51
_________________________ products are poorly reabsorbed, if at all
Nitrogenous waste
52
(3) Nitrogenous waste products
- Urea
- Uric acid
- Creatinine
53
The nephron loops makes the __________ gradient
Salinity
54
______ is the end product of protein breakdown (about ½ is actually reabsorbed, but this is an OK concentration)
Urea
55
_____________ results from nucleic acid breakdown – actually reabsorbed but later secreted)
Uric acid
56
______________ is associated with creatine metabolism in muscles (not reabsorbed)
Creatinine
57
Which Nitrogenous waste product does NOT get reabsorbed?
Creatinine
58
The ______________ loop is only permeable to water but impermeable to salt (pulls water out of the tubule)
descending
59
The ______________ loop is only permeable to salt but impermeable to water (pulls salt into interstitial fluid)
ascending
60
We want urea to act as a salt which is why we reabsorb 1/2 (draw water out of collecting duct). True or false?
True
61
Is creatine the same as creatinine?
No
62
Parathyroid hormone going to stimulate reabsorption of calcium from the ____________________ tube
distal convoluted
63
Aldosterone stimulates sodium reabsorption at (2)?
distal convoluted tube and ducts
64
Tubular secretion is reabsorption in ___________?
reverse
65
In tubular secretion what (2) materials move from the blood of the
peritubular capillaries into the renal tubules?
▪ Hydrogen and potassium ions
▪ Creatinine
66
Tubular Secretion is important for (3)?
- Getting rid of substances not already in the filtrate
- Removing drugs and excess ions
- Maintaining acid-base balance of blood
67
Acid base balance is maintained in the nephron tubule hydrogen is secreted and bicarbonate is going to be reabsorbed
68
pH is a measure of _______________ concentration
hydrogen ion
69
Primary function of loop of Henle?
Create salinity gradient
70
Loop of Henle allows collecting duct to concentrate urine by reabsorbing ________ and so conserving water
water
71
The thick part of the loop of Henle is not permeable to water, so water cannot leave the tubule meaning the tubular
fluid becomes very __________ by the time it enters the distal convoluted tubule
dilute
72
In the distal convoluted tubule about ____% of water and ___% of salts from the
glomerular filtrate remain upon arrival to the DCT
1. 20%
2. 7%
73
DCT and collecting duct accomplish reabsorption, mainly through?
hormone regulation
74
What is the major site for reabsorption?
Proximal tubule
75
What (2) hormones are primarily responsible for reabsorption of water and electrolytes by the kidneys
- ADH
- Aldosterone
76
Aldosterone is from the __________________?
Adrenal cortex
77
ADH is from the ___________________?
Posterior pituitary
78
What results when ADH
is not released (2)?
- More urination
- Dehydration
79
Renin is secreted from?
juxtaglomerular (JG) apparatus - In the afferent arteriole
80
__________________________ Consists of modified smooth muscle cells in
the afferent arteriole plus some cells of the distal tubule
juxtaglomerular (JG) apparatus
81
When cells of the JG apparatus are stimulated by low blood pressure, the enzyme _________ is released into blood
renin
82
Renin catalyzes reactions that
produce ______________?
angiotensin II
83
Angiotensin II (2) functions?
- Vasoconstriction
- Causes aldosterone release
84
Angiotensin II result is increase in (2)?
- Blood volume
- Blood pressure
85
Slide 34*
86
The neural regulation of low blood pressure is the _____________ nervous system causing vasoconstriction
sympathetic
87
What are the "grapes" of the hypothalamus?
osmoreceptors
88
______________ monitor how salty the blood is
osmoreceptors
89
____________ contains everything that blood plasma does (except proteins and cells)
Filtrate
90
_________ is what remains after the filtrate has lost most of its water, nutrients, and necessary ions through reabsorption
Urine
91
In urine, the yellow color due to the
_________________ (from the destruction of hemoglobin) and
solutes
pigment urochrome
92
Specific gravity = density of urine / density of urine
93
Specific gravity range of urine is?
1.001 to 1.035
94
___________________ in urine indicates that the urine is too diluted, or that the concentration of solutes is low relative to water
low specific gravity
95
__________________ is a condition that can cause a high specific gravity?
diabetes insipidus- Because not secreting ADH
96
In low blood pressure, would you have high or low specific gravity?
High specific gravity
97
(6) solutes NOT normally found in urine?
▪ Glucose
▪ Blood proteins
▪ Red blood cells
▪ Hemoglobin
▪ Pus (WBCs)
▪ Bile
98
Solutes normally found
in urine (7)?
▪ Sodium ions
▪ Potassium ions
▪ Urea
▪ Uric acid
▪ Creatinine
▪ Ammonia
▪ Bicarbonate ions
99
When pus is present in urine (pyuria), what is the possible cause?
UTI
100
Another word for voiding?
Micturition
101
Micturition reflex causes the involuntary __________________ to open when stretch receptors in the bladder are stimulated
internal sphincter
102
The external sphincter is __________ controlled, so micturition can usually be delayed
voluntarily
103
The internal sphincter is made of what type of muscle tissue?
Smooth muscle (involuntary)
104
______________ is the inability to empty the bladder
Urinary retention
105
_____________________ is a condition that causes urinary retention
Enlarged prostate
106
____________ is a muscle which forms a layer of the wall of the bladder
Detrusor muscle
107
The kidneys begin to develop in the first ______________ of embryonic life and are excreting urine by the ______ month of fetal life
1. few weeks
2. third
108
Control of the voluntary urethral sphincter does not start until age ________________?
18 months
109
Complete nighttime control may not occur until the child is _________ old
4 years
110
__________________ a bacterium, accounts for 80 percent of UTIs
Escherichia coli (E. coli)
111
With age, filtration rate ______________?
Decreases
112
With age, tubule cells become less efficient at concentrating urine, leading
to (3)?
- Increased urgency
- Increased frequency
- Incontinence
113
