Week 10

Question 1

Blood composition depends on what (3) factors?

Answer 1

1. diet
2. cellular metabolism
3. urine output

Question 2

Kidneys have (4) roles in maintaining blood composition?

Answer 2

1. Excretion of nitrogen-containing wastes
2. Maintaining water balance of the blood
3. Maintaining electrolyte balance of the blood
4. Ensuring proper blood pH

Question 3

Solutes in the body include electrolytes such as (3):

Answer 3

• sodium
• potassium
• calcium ions

Question 4

Water follow sodium most effectively, true or false?

Answer 4

True

Question 5

Osmoreceptors react to small changes in blood composition by becoming more ________?

Answer 5

active

Question 6

Osmoreceptors are in charge of the _______ mechanism

Answer 6

thirst

Question 7

The water in saliva comes from ____________?

Answer 7

The blood

Question 8

Where are osmoreceptors located?

Answer 8

hypothalamus

Question 9

(4) Sources of water output?

Answer 9

– Lungs
– Perspiration
– Feces
– Urine

Question 10

___________________ prevents excessive
water loss in the urine and increases water reabsorption

Answer 10

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 11

Diabetes insipidus results when ADH is not released which leads to (2)?

Answer 11

• Severe dehydration
• Electrolyte imbalances

Question 12

In diabetes insipidus, does this lead to low or high specific gravity?

Answer 12

Low specific gravity

Question 13

___________ work by neutralizing the effects of hydrogen ions

Answer 13

Buffers

Question 14

_______ compounds of a positively charged ion bound to a negatively charged ion

Answer 14

Salts

Question 15

______are proton givers

Answer 15

Acids

Question 16

_______ are proton acceptor

Answer 16

bases

Question 17

____ is measure of hydrogen concentration

Answer 17

pH

Question 18

_________ are a combination of a weak acid and weak base to resist changes in pH

Answer 18

buffers

Question 19

___________ dissociate completely and liberate all of their H+ in water

Answer 19

Strong acids

Question 20

E.g. of strong acid

Answer 20

HCL

Question 21

______________ dissociate only partially such as carbonic acid

Answer 21

Weak acids

Question 22

_______________ dissociate easily in water and sponge up H+

Answer 22

Strong bases

Question 23

_____________ such as bicarbonate ion and
ammonia, are slower to accept H+

Answer 23

Weak bases

Question 24

E.g. of a strong base?

Answer 24

Hydroxide OH-

Question 25

H⁺ don’t exist as individual particles, instead they combine with some water molecules to produce?

Answer 25

hydronium ions (H₃O⁺) -> Acidic solution

Question 26

Neutralizing reaction is: strong acid + strong base = ___________

Answer 26

water + salt

Question 27

Blood/fluid pH is?

Answer 27

7.35-7.45 pH

Question 28

Body has (2) types of buffers?

Answer 28

- Physiological - Chemical buffers

Question 29

Do buffers neutralize acids or bases?

Answer 29

No - because buffers use weak acids and bases

Question 30

What type of buffer is immediate?

Answer 30

Chemical buffers

Question 31

What type of buffer controls the elimination of CO2?

Answer 31

Respiratory system buffers - (CO2 is a source of acid)

Question 32

What type of buffer eliminates H+ and reabsorbs and generates bicarbonate ions?

Answer 32

Renal system buffers

Question 33

What type of buffer combines excess acids or bases to prevent changes in pH?

Answer 33

Chemical buffers

Question 34

e.g. of weak acid?

Answer 34

Carbonic acid

Question 35

Bicarbonate system is a mixture of (2)

Answer 35

carbonic acid (H2CO3) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)

Question 36

K+ shifts more pronounced in __________________?

Answer 36

metabolic acidosis

Question 37

____________ are the largest buffer system in the body

Answer 37

Proteins

Question 38

(2) body protein buffer examples?

Answer 38

albumin and plasma globulins

Question 39

___________ can function as acids or bases (amphoteric)

Answer 39

proteins

Question 40

The _______________________________ system is a process that occurs when hydrogen ions are exchanged for potassium ions across the cell membrane

Answer 40

transcellular hydrogen-potassium exchange

Question 41

In the respiratory system _______levels in our blood is the same as acid levels in our blood

Answer 41

CO2

Question 42

In the respiratory system, _______________ sense changes in the PaCO2 (partial pressure of CO2) and pH of the blood and alter ventilatory rate

Answer 42

Chemoreceptors

Question 43

If you increase your respiratory rate you "blow off" CO2 (acid) therefore decreasing your CO2 (acid) this gives you ___________?

Answer 43

Alkalosis

Question 44

If you decrease your respiratory rate you retain CO2 (acid) therefore increasing your CO2 (acid) this gives you ______________?

Answer 44

Acidosis

Question 45

_____________ disorders result from the addition or loss of excess acid or alkali

Answer 45

metabolic

Question 46

______________ disorders reflects an increase or decrease in alveolar ventilation

Answer 46

Repiratory

Question 47

Does acidosis or alkalosis cause the symptoms of confusion, disorientation, coma?

Answer 47

Acidosis

Question 48

Does acidosis or alkalosis cause the symptoms of causing spasms, convulsions, and respiratory paralysis?

Answer 48

Alkalosis