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SC2110-Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathology > Week 1- Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Week 1- Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Anoxia

A

A lack of oxygen to cellular structures

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2
Q

Anaphase

A

Phase 4 in mitosis, chromatid pairs fully separated

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3
Q

Active transport

A

Process by which solute molecules are transported across a membrane to a higher concentration gradient, from an area of low concentration to one of high concentration

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4
Q

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

Chemical compound consisting of one molecule of adenine, one of ribose, and three of phosphoric acid, high-energy fuel a cell requires to function

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5
Q

Apoptosis

A

An orderly process by which cells intentionally die. Also known as programmed cell death (PCD)

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6
Q

Cell membrane

A

Structure that encloses the cell, also known as plasma membrane

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7
Q

Benign

A

Nonmalignant

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8
Q

Atrophy

A

Wasting away of tissue or cells

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9
Q

Cancer

A

The presence of a malignant tumor, which may affect all body parts

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10
Q

Biomarkers

A

A normal substance found in the blood or tissue in small amounts

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11
Q

Centrioles

A

Two cylindrical organelles found near the nucleus in a tiny body called the centrosome, they are perpendicular to each other

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12
Q

Chromatid

A

Each strand of a replicable chromosome

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13
Q

Chromosomes

A

Short, rod-like structures that determine hereditary characteristics

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14
Q

Centrosomes

A

Tiny area near the nucleus of an animal cell, it contains two cylindrical structures called centrioles

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15
Q

Chromatin

A

DNA and protein material in a loose and diffuse state, during mitosis, chromatin condenses to form the chromosomes

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16
Q

Cilia

A

Tony, hairlike projections of protoplasm that extend from the cell or body surface and help move things along, they may also work like a filter

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17
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Protoplasm outside the nucleus of a cell

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18
Q

Equilibrium

A

A state of balance

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19
Q

Diffusion

A

Molecules move from higher concentration to lower concentration

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20
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Transport system of a cell, can be smooth or rough

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21
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Internal framework of the cell consisting of microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments

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22
Q

Dysplasia

A

Change in size, shape, or organization of cells

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23
Q

Eukaryote

A

Any cell that processes a clearly defined nucleus

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24
Q

Flagella

A

Long, hairlike projections from the cell membrane found on sperm

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25
Golgi apparatus
A membranous network that resembles a stack of pancakes, it stores and packages secretions to be secreted by the cell
26
Filtration
Movement of water and particles across a semipermeable membrane by a mechanical force such as blood pressure
27
Hypertonic solution
A solution in which water molecules are moving out of a cell, causing it to shrink
28
Hyperplasia
Excessive proliferation of normal cells
29
Hypertrophy
An increase in the size of a muscle cell
30
Hypotonic solution
A solution in which water molecules are moving into a cell, causing it to swell
31
Interphase
The resting phase in the process of mitosis
32
Hypoxia
Decreased blood flow to cellular structures
33
Lysosomes
Cytoplasmic organelle containing digestive enzymes
34
Isotonic solution
A solution in which movement of water molecules into and out of a cell is the same as
35
Meiosis
Cell division of gametes or cells, reduces the number of chromosomes
36
Mitochondria
Organelle that supplies energy to the cell
37
Metaphase
Phase 3 in the process of mitosis, nuclear membrane disappears
38
Metastasis
Transfer of malignant cells from an original site to a distant one through the circulatory system or lymph vessels
39
Mitosis
Cell division involving 2 distant processes. 1) division of a nucleus 2) cytoplasmic division, when the cytoplasm is divided into two approximately equal parts
40
Necrosis
Cell death
41
Neoplasms
A tumor, can be benign or malignant
42
Nucleoplasm
Protoplasm of the nucleus, also called nuclear sap or karyolymph
43
Neoplasia
Uncontrolled growth pattern in a cell, may result in neoplasm
44
Nuclear membrane
Double-layered membrane that surrounds the nucleus
45
Nucleolus
Small, spherical structure within the cell nucleus
46
Nucleus
Organelle that controls cell activities and cell division, also the center of an atom
47
Osmotic pressure
The pressure exerted by the flow of water through a semipermeable membrane at equilibrium
48
Papilloma
A type of tumor of the epithelial tissue, also known as a wart
49
Osmosis
Passage of fluid through a membrane
50
Organelles
Microscopic structure within the cell having a special function or capacity
51
Passive transport
The process of moving materials across a cell membrane without using energy, such as diffusion, osmosis, or filtration
52
Peroxisomes
Membranous sacs that contain oxidase enzymes
53
Pinocytic vesicles
Formed by having the cell membrane fold inward into a pocket
54
Phagocytosis
Ingestion of foreign or other particles by certain cells
55
Pinocytosis
Process of engulfing large molecules into solution and taking them into the cell
56
Prophase
Phase 2 in the process of mitosis, when the two centrioles start to separate
57
Replication
Occurs when an exact copy of each nuclear chromosome is made during the early part of the first stage of mitosis (early interphase)
58
Protoplasm
An aqueous solution of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and inorganic salts surrounded by a cell membrane without using
59
Solutes
Dissolved substance in a solution
60
Telophase
Final stage in the mitosis process in which the chromosomes migrate to the poles of the cell
61
Ribosomes
Submicroscopic particle attached to endoplasmic reticulum, site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm of a cell
62
Tumor
Abnormal and uncontrolled growth of a cell
63
Vacuole
Clear space in cell
64
Stem cells
Primal cells common to all multicellular organisms

SC2110-Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathology (11 decks)

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