Week 10 Flashcards

Question

How does cognition change through infancy and childhood

Answer 1

* Jean Piaget – swiss psychologist – working on intelligence testing & became interested in errors made by children * Children pass through stages on their way to adult-like thinking * Children motivated to match their experiences with their beliefs about the world (schemas)

Answer 2

Assimilation: incorporate new experiences into current understanding Accommodation: new experiences forces adjustment/change to existing schema

Answer 3

1) Sensorimotor stage: understanding based on touching, chewing, manipulating, etc - Birth to 2 years - Develop object permanence 2) Preoperational stage - 2 to 7 years - Development of language and symbolic thinking, egocentric thinking - Egocentric thought: child views the world entirely from their own perspective - Thinks that everyone shares their perspective and knowledge (e.g., tell confusing stories, hide their face & think you can’t see them) 3) Concrete operational stage - 7 to 12 years - Principle of conservation: quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of objects - Think in a more logical manner, overcome egocentrism - Reversibility: some changes can be undone by reversing an earlier action - Bound to concrete, physical reality – difficulty with abstract 4) Formal operational stage - Age 12 to adulthood - Development of logical and abstract thinking

Answer 4

Kohlberg states people pass through a series of stages in their evolution of justice and moral reasoning * Adolescents can understand that morality isn’t black & white (unlike children) * Changes in moral reasoning happen in three-level sequences 1. Preconventional morality: fear of punishment leads to obedience 2. Conventional morality: law & order – don’t rock the boat! 3. Post conventional : At this stage, individuals recognize that moral principles and values are not absolute but are instead subject to change and interpretation.

Answer 5

Level 1 Preconventional morality—At this level, the concrete interests of the individual are considered in terms of rewards and punishments. Level 2 Conventional morality—At this level, people approach moral problems as members of society. They are interested in pleasing others by acting as good members of society Level 3 Postconventional morality—At this level, people use moral principles which are seen as broader than those of any particular society

Answer 6

* Men and women view moral behaviour differently due to socialization Care-based versus justice-based * Women: care-based orientation, emphasize interpersonal relationships, guided by social emotions * Men: justice & fairness * NOT absolute

Answer 7

state of intense self-focus – views world from own point of view * This leads to being highly critical of authority figures, unwilling to accept criticism, inflexible thinking, fault others

Answer 8

Belief that they are the centre of everyones attention

Answer 9

belief that one’s experiences are unique, exceptional, & shared by no one else (e.g., think about young heartbreak!)

Answer 10

: distorted perceptions of risk, exempt from rules of probability & nature

Answer 11

5) Identify versus role confusion (adolescence) * Adolescents trying to determine own identiy * Confusion over most appropriate role can lead to lack of stable identity, adoption of socially unacceptable roles (e.g., social deviant), difficulty in maintaining relationships 6) Intimacy versus isolation (post-adolescence to early 30s) * Focus on developing close relationships with others * Difficulty can result in loneliness, fear of relationships – success can lead to forming deep relationships (physical, emotional, intellectual)

Answer 12

7) Generativity versus stagnation (middle adulthood) * Generativity – ability to contribute to one’s family, community – assist in dev’t of younger generation * Success leads to feeling positive about continuity of life, difficulties lead to feelings of trivial or stagnancy 8) Ego-integrity versus despair (late adulthood) * Reviewing life’s successes and failures * Success leads to resolving difficulties – sense of accomplishments, difficulties in regret over what might have been

Answer 13

**Midlife transition *** Begin to question their lives * Midlife crisis: feeling of dissatisfaction with your life **Old age *** Some types of thinking change, others stays the same * Fluid intelligence (reasoning, memory, info processing) tends to decline * Crystallized intelligence (information, skills, problem solving strategies) tends to remain stable and sometimes improves

Answer 14

*Physical activity (may reduce risk up to 45%) * Cognitive engagement (puzzles, learning new skills, lifelong learning) * Healthy diet (mediterranean or DASH diet) * Social connection

Answer 15

Studies of older adults playing video games show improvement in real-world skills! * Task switching, short-term memory, reasoning, improvements in cognitive functioning in tests & everyday life * Effects tended to last several months * US National Science Foundation awarded million-dollar grant to study Nintendo Wii on older adults

Week 10 Flashcards

(39 cards)