Week 9 Flashcards

Question

Culture & hunger motivation | Social contexts, Group dynamics, Body ideals, Cultural norms, Emo eating

Answer 1

* Social Contexts: Hunger is influenced by psychological and social factors, including emotional fulfillment and societal norms. * Group Dynamics: People eat more in social settings; meals with others can be up to 96% larger than eating alone. * Body Ideals:Western media has shifted cultural preferences, influencing eating behaviors and body image. * Cultural Norms: Collectivist cultures prioritize group norms over individual food choices, especially in social settings. * Emotional Eating: Emotional states and cultural attitudes shape eating behaviors; some cultures link negative emotions to overeating.

Answer 2

Adult obesity in Canada almost doubled from 1978 to 2005-over 63% of Canadians over 18 are overweight (almost ¼ at BMI cutoff for obesity * Abundance of low-cost, varied high fat meals * Habit of eating high calorie food on the run * Rise in energy saving devices (cars, remotes) * Types of leisure activities * Canadians on average spend more time in cars than outdoors

Answer 3

Need for achievement: desire to accomplish goals by setting high standards and striving to meet them * Seek out situations where they can compete – avoid unchallenging situations * Low need for achievement – motivated by a desire to avoid failure

Answer 4

Need for affiliation: desire to have positive interactions with others and be in close, friendly relationships

Answer 5

* Mental states or feelings associated with our evaluation of our experiences * State of arousal involving facial & body changes, brain activation, cognitive appraisals, subjective feelings, and tendencies toward action * All shaped by cultural rules Cognitive component (subjective conscious experience) Physiological component (bodily arousal) Behavioural component (overt expressions)

Answer 6

The amygdala links sensory input (like odours & facial expressions) to emotional and behavioural responses

Answer 7

chamomile, jasmine & lavender (too relaxed), fast food wrappers, fresh bread, pastries (too hungry and in a rush!), fresh-cut grass, pine, flowers (memory lane, daydreaming & distracted!), leather (nostalgia), certain perfumes & aftershave (sexy thoughts?)

Answer 8

Best: peppermint, cinnamon, lemon, coffee (improve concentration), new car smell (more cautious, improves concentration), sea ozone (relieve stess, calm)

Answer 9

* Prepare us for action: act as a link between events in our environment and our responses * Shape our future behaviour: act as reinforcement or punishment * Help us to interact more effectively with others: act as a signal to observers, allowing them to better understand what we are experiencing and predict our future behaviour

Answer 10

* Most researchers agree that basic emotions would include, at minimum, happiness, anger, fear, sadness & disgust

Answer 11

* Darwin believed human emotional expression was shaped through evolution

Answer 12

* Paul Ekman * Pioneering work on facial expressions of emotion * Six basic emotions recognized worldwide * Biologically hardwired, not learned * Also did work on microexpressions These primary emotions are: Happiness Sadness Fear Anger Surprise Disgust Ekman’s research showed that these emotions are biologically hardwired into humans and not merely learned through culture. This was groundbreaking because it suggested that emotional expressions are a universal language shared by all humans, transcending cultural differences.

Answer 13

* Occur in a fraction of a second * Can they reveal a lie? Debated in literature * What they want to show vs. what they want to concea

Answer 14

* Liar’s stereotype – belief that when people lie, they show facial specific facial and behavioural cues * Gaze aversion * Raised eyebrows * Pursued lips * Etc.

Answer 15

Paul Ekman's insights into microexpressions are indeed fascinating. Here are a few key points from his research, as mentioned on his website: Often Misinterpreted or Missed Altogether: Microexpressions are so brief that they can be easily overlooked or misunderstood, even by those with training. Occur in 1/2 a Second or Less: These expressions happen incredibly quickly, often lasting just a fraction of a second. Unconsciously Display a Concealed Emotion: They reveal emotions that a person might be trying to hide, providing a glimpse into their true feelings.

Answer 16

Ekman’s work on false expressions sheds light on how emotional expressions can be manipulated to conceal true feelings. Here are some key insights from his research: Falsified Emotional Expressions: People can fake their emotions to hide what they really feel. This can happen for various reasons, such as social niceties or intentional deception. Asymmetrical Expressions: One hallmark of faked emotions is asymmetry. Genuine emotional expressions tend to be more symmetrical, involving both sides of the face equally. Forehead Clues: The absence of forehead expressions can be a telltale sign of falsified emotions. For instance, if someone is pretending to feel fear or sadness, their forehead might not show the expected wrinkles or tension.

Answer 17

A gestural slip is an unintended physical gesture that reveals a person's true emotions, despite their efforts to conceal them.

Answer 18

Indicate arrogance or feeling of moral superiority

Answer 19

Effort to conceal fearfulness

Answer 20

Culture influences what people feel angry, sad, lonely, happy, ashamed, or disgusted about and how they express them

Answer 21

1. James-Lange theory 2. Cannon-Bard Theory 3. Schacter-Singer two-factory theory

Answer 22

the study involved an attractive female experimenter approaching single men who were crossing either a high, scary suspension bridge or a low, stable bridge. The findings were fascinating: Men on the scary bridge included more sexual content in their interviews. They were also four times more likely to call the researcher afterward. The study suggested that people are not always good at distinguishing between physical sensations associated with fear and those associated with sexual arousal. The heightened arousal from the fear of crossing the bridge was misattributed to attraction to the experimenter.

Answer 23

* Your body reacts to something, then you feel the emotion based on that reaction * Bodily events are interpreted by brain as emotional experiences * We can influence our subjective feelings via physical sensations (e.g., Haka, “psyching up”)

Answer 24

We experience emotions & physiological reactions simultaneously * Physical reactions not dependent on emotions, or vice versa * Event leads to thalamus transmitting signals to amygdala & autonomic nervous system, resulting in physical reactions * A person’s cognitive assessment of an emotional situation work independently of any physical sensations that might occur (like the bridge study!)

Answer 25

Emotions arise from two factors: * Physiological arousal * Cognitive interpretation (labeling) * General arousal leads to assessment, which it turn leads to subjective feelings * Bridge study – male ps assessed their circumstances & attributed to sexual attraction

Answer 26

* Facial muscles send messages to brain about emotion being expressed Strack et al., 1988 * IV pencil between lips or teeth * DV cartoon funniness Wagenmakers et al., 2016 * Failure to replicate in 17 studies!

Answer 27

Botox – prevents wrinkles via paralyzing muscles (also used for migraines, TMJ, etc) * IV: treatment (botox, dermal filler) * DV: identification of emotions Results: * Ps treated with botox performed worse than filler group at correctly identifying emotions

Answer 28

Lisa Feldman Barrett (Canadian!) * Emotions are concepts constructed by our brains * Our brains interpret our patterns of bodily sensations as a particular emotion based on previous experiences (concepts) of emotion and the culture we live in E.g., Imagine two people attending the same wedding:

Answer 29

* Mastery * Being able to cause positive events, and be successful at them * Many minor pleasures (vs. one intense thrill) * Extraversion, self-esteem, individualism correlate with happiness * Physical attractiveness & intelligence only weakly correlated * Acting happy, seeking work & leisure that are engaging * Close relationships, interdependence * Maintaining short-term & long-term goals * Healthy bodies, productive jobs, peace of mind, family & friends

Week 9 Flashcards

(53 cards)