Week 11 Flashcards

Question

Maturity principle

Answer 1

overtime, people become more dominant, agreeable, conscientous, and emotionally stable

Answer 2

**Individualist** * Value independence, competition, personal achievement * Mainly Western Nations like U.S., England, Australia * More personally oriented personality traits (self- confidence, openness, assertiveness) **Collectivist** * Value social harmony, respectfulness, group needs over individual needs * Asia, Africa, South America * People display more socially oriented personality traits (humility, empathy and cooperativeness)

Answer 3

* Firstborns scored slightly higher on intelligence tests than later-borns * Decline in self-reported intellect for later-borns (even after controlling for measured intelligence) * No lasting effects of birth order on: extraversion, emotional stability, agreeableness, conscientiousness, imagination Take home: birth order affects intelligence slightly but has no lasting impact on personality traits

Answer 4

Albert Bandura, suggests that an individual's personality is shaped through the dynamic interplay between behavior, cognition, and the environment.

Answer 5

Belief in one’s ability to succeed in specific situations - plays a role in shaping & influencing personality traits over time * High self-efficacy leads to confidence, low results in anxiety or giving up (e.g., a student with high efficacy in math more likely to engage in problem solving task)

Answer 6

Carl Rogers, a humanistic psychologist, believed in the fundamental goodness and potential for growth in all people. Here are the key points of his theory: Self-Actualization: According to Rogers, all individuals have an inherent need to achieve their fullest potential, known as self-actualization. This is the driving force behind personal growth and fulfillment. Positive Regard: People have a basic desire to be loved, respected, and accepted by others. This need for positive regard plays a crucial role in shaping one's self-concept and behavior. Dependence on Others: As individuals grow, they become dependent on others for positive regard. This leads to a tendency to see and judge ourselves through the eyes of others, which can influence our self-esteem and self-worth. Ideal Self vs. True Self: Rogers highlighted the discrepancy between the "ideal self" (who we aspire to be) and the "true self" (who we actually are). This gap can result in feelings of anxiety, dissatisfaction, and incongruence. Unconditional Positive Regard: To overcome the anxiety and dissatisfaction caused by the discrepancy between the ideal self and true self, Rogers emphasized the importance of unconditional positive regard. This means accepting and valuing a person without any conditions, allowing them to explore their true self and achieve self-actualization.

Answer 7

Unconditional Positive Regard: Like feeding your fish every day—no matter what happens. You accept it without judgment, encouraging growth. * � Nourishing and supporting the fish regardless of performance. Conditions of Worth: Like feeding your fish only when it performs a specific trick or looks a certain way. * � Leads to a hungry and uncertain fish—feeling unloved when not meeting expectations. Congruence: The fish feels in harmony—what you see in it matches what it actually feels. * � A content and happy fish that feels authentic. Incongruence: The fish feels conflicted—what you want to express doesn’t align with how you feel inside. * � Leads to stress and unhappiness because of the mismatch.

Answer 8

* Refers to the tendency of people to believe vague, general, or broad statements about themselves, even if they could apply to anyone! * We want to believe others can understand us on a deep level * Vague statements match general human experiences * Exploit cognitive biases (like confirmation bias)

Answer 9

PErson is shown an ambiguous stimulus and ask to describe it or tell a story about it

Answer 10

Behavioral assessment involves measuring an individual's behavior to describe their personality characteristics. These assessments can be conducted either in naturalistic settings (everyday environments) or in controlled laboratory settings. Here are the key points:

Answer 11

Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and Psychopathy

Answer 12

High impulsivity, high thrill seeking, low empathy, coldness, callousness

Answer 13

Grandiosity, entitlement, superiority, excessive self-love

Answer 14

Cynical, unprincipled, lack of empathy

Answer 15

Tendency to derive pleasure, often sexual, from inflicting pain, humiliation or suffering on others * Cruel, manipulative or exploitative behaviour * Low agreeableness & low conscientiousness * Disinhibited * Low levels of emotional regulation

Answer 16

**Psychopathy** * Short-term mating strategies * Charm & boldness to attract * Lack of remorse – emotional harm, lie & manipulate * Exploitive relationships **Narcissism** * Focus on attracting attention & admiration * Value physical attractiveness & status to boost own image * Game-playing behaviours (e.g., love bombing) – may lose interest fast **Machiavellianism** * Dating strategists – charm to achieve specific goals (pick-up artists?) * Prioritize short-term goals over long- term relationships * Engage in mate poarching * Use manipulation to maintain control

Answer 17

It believes that human nature is basically good and that humans are unique. Studied why people succeed and exceptional people shared seversl common traits : Creativity, realistic thinking, concern for others etc

Week 11 Flashcards

(42 cards)