Week 10: Chapter 13 FINAL EXAM

Question 1

________: A perceived incompatibility of actions or goals

Answer 1

Conflict

Question 2

______ _____: a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing its self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behaviour

Answer 2

Social Trap

Question 3

non-______-_____ games: games in which outcomes not sum to zero. With cooperation, both can win; with competition, both can lose

Answer 3

non-zero-sum games

Question 4

Ways we can resolve social dilemmas:

• Reg_______
• _______ groups
• Comm_________
• Changing the p_______
• Appeals to _________ norms

Answer 4

Regulation; Small groups; Communication; Changing the payoffs; Appeals to altruistic norms

Question 5

Discussing a social dilemma can forge a ______ ______, which enhances concern for everyone’s welfare

Answer 5

social identity

Question 6

___________ creates group norms and consensus expectations and puts pressure on members to follow them

Answer 6

Communication

Question 7

____________ can also activate altruistic norms

Answer 7

Communication

Question 8

C__________ breed conflict

Answer 8

Competition

Question 9

Self-J__________ inclines people to deny the wrong of their evil acts

Answer 9

self-justification

Question 10

_______ - _______ perceptions: reciprocal views of each other often held by parties in conflict

Answer 10

Mirror - Image Perceptions

Question 11

Four behaviours towards achieving peace:
1 Con\_\_\_\_\_\_
2 Coop\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
3 C\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_n
4 Conc\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 11

Contact; Cooperation; Communication; Conciliation

Question 12

In a recent meta-analysis, increased _______ predicted decreased prejudice

Answer 12

contact

Question 13

_______ ________: situation in which most rewarding short-term choice for individual causes negative consequences for group as a whole

Answer 13

Social dilemmas

Question 14

_____ _____: Situation in which conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing its self-interest, became caught in mutually destructive behaviour

Answer 14

Social trap

Question 15

_______ dilemma: if all cooperate, all gain; if all compete, all lose

Answer 15

Commons dilemma

Question 16

_______ of the _______: individuals consume more than their share of common resource ultimately leading to loss of resource for all

Answer 16

Tragedy of the commons

Question 17

______ _______ dilemma: individual must contribute to provision of freely available resource

Answer 17

Public Goods Dilemma

Question 18

____-_____ effect: benefit from public good without contributing

Answer 18

Free-rider effect

Question 19

_________ behaviour: behaviour that involves integration between members of separate social groups

Answer 19

Intergroup behaviour

Question 20

_________ behaviour: individual behaviour that is influenced by awareness of, and identification with, different social groups

Answer 20

Intergroup behaviour

Question 21

______-________ hypothesis: all aggression comes from frustration

Answer 21

Frustration-agression hypothesis

Question 22

________ _________ theory: perceived relative deprivation leads to feelings of frustration that leads to social unrest and possibly violence

Answer 22

Relative Deprivation Theory

Question 23

________ _______ deprivation: sense that our ingroup has less than it is entitled to compared to a relevant outgroup

Answer 23

Fraternalistic relative deprivation

Question 24

________ _______ conflict theory: mutually exclusive goals produce intergroup conflict and ethnocentrism

Answer 24

Realistic Group Conflict theory

Question 25

______ _______ paradigm: : in competition between groups necessary for intergroup conflict

Answer 25

Minimal Group Paradigm

Question 26

_______ _______ _______: motivated to maximise positive distinctiveness or ingroup

Answer 26

social identity theory

Question 27

Social Identity theory components: 1 Cat_________ 2 Id__________ 3 Com__________

Answer 27

Categorisation; Identification; Comparison;

Question 28

_____-_________ theory: categorising based on comparative and normative fit

Answer 28

Self-categorisation theory

Question 29

____________: define ourselves in terms of ingroup (social identity) and behaviour in line with in-group norms

Answer 29

Depersonalisation

Question 30

____-________ principle: categorise so as to maximise differences between categories compared to differences within categories

Answer 30

Meta-constrast

Question 31

______-_______ contact: contact on an equal basis.

Answer 31

Equal - status relationship

Question 32

____________ goals: a shared goal that necessitates cooperative effort; a goal that orverrides people's differences from one another

Answer 32

Superordinate goal

Question 33

Being mindful of our _______ social identities that we partially share with anyone else enables social cohesion

Answer 33

multiple

Question 34

Bicultural individuals normally have a positive ___-______

Answer 34

self-concept

Question 35

________ _________ : Win-win agreements that reconcile both parties interests to their mutual benefit

Answer 35

Integrative agreements

Question 36

What does GRIT stand for?

Answer 36

Graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension reduction

Question 37

______: a strategy designed to de-escalate international tensions

Answer 37

GRIT

Question 38

According to Social Identity Theory, our self-concept, does not just include a personal identity, but also a _______ identity

Answer 38

social

Question 39

What is a psychological benefit of prejudice?

Answer 39

Feelings of superiority

Question 40

S_____ D_________: situation in which most rewarding short-term choice for individual causes negative consequences for group as a whole

Answer 40

Social Dilemmas

Question 41

What is the tragedy of the commons?

Answer 41

Individuals consume more than their share of common resource ultimately leading to loss of resource for all

Question 42

P_____ Go______ dilemma: individual MUST contribute to provision of freely available resource. (if not it leads to a free rider scumbag)

Answer 42

Public Goods Dilemma

Question 43

A f_________ A________ E_______ is crucial in social dilemmas as it argues that our interests are morally correct while others interests are greedy and selfish (such as in the prisoners dilemma and tragedy of the commons)

Answer 43

fundamental attribution error

Question 44

If I was frustrated with an individual and then acted out in aggression, what theory would explain this as typical behaviour?

Answer 44

Frustration - aggression hypothesis

Question 45

Rel________ dep________: sense of having less than one is entitled to. This can then lead to anger, frustration, or aggression

Answer 45

Relative Deprivation

Question 46

If the planning department got less funding than the human resources department, they would feel a sense off fra________ re________ de_________

Answer 46

Fraternalistic relative deprivation

Question 47

If there was only a set amount of money for both the finance and human resources department, what theory would argue that hostilities would arise and conflict over these scarce resources?

Answer 47

Realistic Group Conflict theory

Question 48

Conflict will not occur when there is no personal gain for the individuals in the groups according to R_______ G_____ C_______ theory

Answer 48

Realistic Group Conflict Theory

Question 49

______ _______ theory: we are motivated to maximise our positive distinctiveness of the in-group we are in

Answer 49

Social Identity Theory

Question 50

Social Identity Theory is based on three central ideas: - Cat_________ - Id__________ - Com__________

Answer 50

Categorisation; Identification; Comparison

Question 51

What theory is pertinent to why terrorists become aggressive to others?

Answer 51

Relative Deprivation Theory and Frustration - Aggression Hypothesis

Question 52

M____ - C_______ principle: we categorise so as to maximise differences between categories and minimise within categories

Answer 52

Meta-Contrast Principle