Week 12 Helping and Prosocial Behaviour FINAL EXAM

Question 1

_______ ___________: acts that are positively valued by society

Answer 1

Prosocial Behaviour

Question 2

______ ________: voluntary acts that intentionally benefit someone else

Answer 2

helping behaviour

Question 3

if you are forced to assist someone is it defined as helping behaviour?

Answer 3

No

Question 4

_________ helping: helping where the goal of the helper is to increase their own welfare

Answer 4

egoistic helping

Question 5

________ behaviour - helping where the goal of the helper is to increase another welfare without expecting anything in return

Answer 5

Altruistic helping

Question 6

________ ___________: human interactions are transactions that aim to maximise one’s rewards and minimise one’s costs

Answer 6

Social Exchange

Question 7

_______ ________: rewards that motivate people can be internal or external

Answer 7

Social Exchange

Question 8

_______-_________ model is based on social exchange theory

Answer 8

Bystander-calculus model

Question 9

________-_______ model: bystanders calculate the perceived costs and benefits of providing help

Answer 9

Bystander-calculus model

Question 10

Different stages in the Bystander-Calculus Model:
1 Phy________ arousal
2 Labelling the ________
3 Calculate the c_____

Answer 10

Physiological; arousal; costs

Question 11

What are the two labels for labelling arousal in the Bystander-Calculus model?

Answer 11

Personal distress; empathetic concern

Question 12

Costs in the Bystander-Calculus model:

• e_______ costs
• p________ costs

Answer 12

empathy costs; personal costs

Question 13

In Pillivians train experiment, did the ‘ill’ or ‘drunk’ person receive more help?

Answer 13

the ‘ill’ person, which is congruent with the Bystander-Calculus Model

Question 14

________ norm: expectation that people will help those who have helped them

Answer 14

Reciprocity norm

Question 15

S_____ R_________ norm: help others who are dependent and in need

Answer 15

Social Responsibility norm

Question 16

S______ J________ norm: help only when others deserve our assistance

Answer 16

Social Justice Norm

Question 17

If we attribute the need for help to external, uncontrollable causes then we are more likely to feel ________ and to help

Answer 17

sympathy

Question 18

______ _______ hypothesis: the world is a just place where people get what they deserve

Answer 18

Just World Hypothesis

Question 19

____ __________: preference for helping blood relatives - increases the likelihood of gene transmission

Answer 19

Kin Selection

Question 20

____________ : help others because we expect them to reciprocate the help

Answer 20

Reciprocity

Question 21

_____ _________: groups who help each other out tend to survive longer

Answer 21

Group selection

Question 22

Is operant or classical conditioning involved in learning theory of why we help?

Answer 22

Operant, reinforcement for appropriate helping behaviour

Question 23

Is observational learning involved in why we learn to help?

Answer 23

Yes, parents and media modelling prosocial behaviours

Question 24

__________-_________ hypothesis: is helping behaviour based on egoistic or altruistic motivations?

Answer 24

Empathy - Altruistic Hypothesis

Question 25

In the Empathy - Altruistic hypothesis, __________ ________ is the feeling of when you focus on your own feelings, (alarmed, upset, troubled)

Answer 25

personal distress

Question 26

In the Empathy - Altruistic hypothesis, __________ ________ is the feeling of what the victim feels

Answer 26

empathetic concern

Question 27

In the Empathy - Altruistic hypothesis, our behaviour depends on what __________ we take

Answer 27

perspective

Question 28

If _________ ________ is low, reduce personal distress either by helping or escaping

Answer 28

empathetic concern

Question 29

If ________ ______ is high, only one option, must help

Answer 29

empathetic concern

Question 30

What processes underlie the bystander effect? (Situational) - Diffusion of __________ - Audience __________ - social i__________

Answer 30

responsibility; inhibition; influence

Question 31

Diffusion of ____________; assume others will take responsilbity

Answer 31

responsilbity

Question 32

________ _________: fear negative evaluation from others if intervene and situations is not an emergency

Answer 32

Audience Inhibition

Question 33

______ ______ - look to others as a model for action (normative and informational influence)

Answer 33

Social Influence

Question 34

What personality factors have been studied in regards to the Bystander - Effect? - Social res__________ - (internal;external) locus of control - Dispositional em________ - Self-monitoring

Answer 34

responsibility; internal;

Question 35

Is self-efficacy related to the Bystander Effect?

Answer 35

Yes

Question 36

(Men/Women) are more likely to help in a danger situation and also when there is an audience

Answer 36

Men

Question 37

(Men/Women) are more likely to help in a danger situation and also when there is an audience

Answer 37

Men

Question 38

______-______ model: mood-congruent information in memory more accessible towards helping behaviour

Answer 38

Affect-priming model

Question 39

______-reparation hypothesis: want to make up for guilty act

Answer 39

Image-reparation hypothesis

Question 40

________ state ______ model: helping provides relief from a negative mood

Answer 40

Negative state relief model

Question 41

________: A motive to increase another's welfare without conscious regard for one's self interests

Answer 41

Altruism

Question 42

________ behaviour: Any behaviour that benefits or positively affects individuals or groups

Answer 42

Prosocial behaviour

Question 43

_____ _______: the theory that human interactions are transactions that aim to maximise one's rewards and minimise one's costs

Answer 43

Social Exchange

Question 44

The cost of NOT helping and the cost of helping is weighed up in the _______-_________ model

Answer 44

Bystander-Calculus model

Question 45

Rewards that motivate helping can be e______ or i_______

Answer 45

external; internal

Question 46

Our eagerness to do good after doing bad reflects our need to reduce _____ guilt and restore a shaken s____-i_____

Answer 46

private; self-image

Question 47

The feel bad - do good effect only occurs with people whose attention is on themselves or others?

Answer 47

Others

Question 48

According to the _______-and-_______ theory, positive emotions tend to broaden our thought-action repertoires

Answer 48

broaden and build theory

Question 49

Social _______: the mutual support and cooperation enabled by a social network

Answer 49

Social Capital

Question 50

One form of self-sacrifice that would increase ____ survival is devotion to one's children

Answer 50

gene

Question 51

G______ relatedness predicts helping behaviour

Answer 51

Genetic

Question 52

What is an example of altruistic modelling?

Answer 52

Driving down the highway and seeings someone helping another with a flat tyre. If you then again see someone with a flat tyre, you are more likely to help.

Question 53

In the empathy-altruism hypothesis, what are the two emotions that you could potentially experience?

Answer 53

Personal distress; Empathetic concern

Question 54

The by_________ effect is less pronounced in dangerous situations

Answer 54

bystander effect

Question 55

How can we improve prosocial behaviour? - Reduce amb________ - Increase res________ - Increase gui___ - Increase grat_____ and forg______

Answer 55

Ambiguity; Responsibility; Guilt; gratitude; forgiveness

Question 56

How can we improve prosocial behaviour? - Reduce amb________ - Increase res________ - Increase gui___ - Increase grat_____ and forg______

Answer 56

Ambiguity; Responsibility; Guilt; gratitude; forgiveness

Question 57

``` Factors that influence helping in an emergency: 1 Presence of _______ 2 Sit_______ Am_________ 3 Personal com________ 4 Perceived c_____ of helping 5 Perceived r________ of helping 6 Sim________ to victim ```

Answer 57

Others; Situational Ambiguity; Competence; costs; rewards; similarity

Question 58

______ __________: reduction in individual effort when working as a collective rather than an alone

Answer 58

Social Loafing

Question 59

__________ ______: being aware of a negative stereotype associated with your group leads to impaired performance on a stereotypical task

Answer 59

Stereotype threat

Question 60

E__________ A_________ and self - M__________ affect stereotype threat

Answer 60

Evaluation apprehension; Self-monitoring

Question 61

``` Factors in Milgram study? 1 Immediacy of v_______ 2 Prox______ of experimenter 3 Legitimacy of authority 4 Status of in_________ 5 Presence of _______ who obey or disobey ```

Answer 61

Victim; Proximity; Institution; others

Question 62

According to the Stereotype Content Model, we tend to stereotype out groups on two fundamental dimensions: _______ and ________

Answer 62

Warmth; Competence

Question 63

Stereotypes of the elderly typically have high _______ and low __________

Answer 63

warmth; competence

Question 64

The _____ ______ ______ purports to measure unconscious attitudes towards the target group

Answer 64

Implicit Association Test

Question 65

________ prejudice is automatic, unintentional and operates outside of conscious thought

Answer 65

Implicit Prejudice

Question 66

Individuals consuming more than their share of a common resource ultimately leads to a loss of resource for all is known as......

Answer 66

the tragedy of the commons

Question 67

Happy people tend to be more h_________ people

Answer 67

helpful

Question 68

What two social norms influence why we help?

Answer 68

Reciprocity norm; social responsibility norm