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Social Psychology > Week 3: Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Week 3: Chapter 3 Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

We respond not to reality as it is but to reality as we _______ it

A

construe

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2
Q

Unattended _______ can subtly influence how we interpret and recall events

A

stimuli

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3
Q

_________: Activating particular associations in memory

A

Priming

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4
Q

Depressed moods prime _________ associations

A

negative

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5
Q

“Much of our _______ information processing is automatic”

A

social

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6
Q

______ perseverance: Persistence of one’s initial conceptions as when the basis for one’s belief is discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be survives

A

Belief

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7
Q

What is the remedy for belief perseverance?

A

Explaining the opposite

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8
Q

___________ effect: Incorporating ‘misinformation’ into one’s memory of the event, after witnessing an event and receiving misleading information about it

A

misinformation effect

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9
Q

________ processing: Explicit thinking that is deliberate, reflective, and conscious

A

Controlled processing

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10
Q

_________ processing: Implicit thinking that is effortless, habitual, and without awareness; roughly corresponds to ‘intuition’

A

automatic

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11
Q

______________ phenomenon: The tendency to be more confident than correct - to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs

A

overconfidence

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12
Q

___________ bias: A tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions

A

confirmation

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13
Q

______________ bias helps explain why our self-images are so remarkably stable.

A

Confirmation

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14
Q

_____________: A thinking strategy that enables quick, efficient judgements

A

Heuristic

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15
Q

_____________ heuristic: The tendency to presume, sometimes despite contrary odds, that someone or something belongs to a particular group if resembling a typical member

A

representativeness heuristic

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16
Q

____________ heuristic: A cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory. If instances of something come readily to mind, we presume it to be commonplace

A

availability heuristic

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17
Q

The more easily we recall something, the more likely it seems is an example of the _____________ heuristic

A

availability heuristic

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18
Q

______________ thinking: Imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened, but didn’t.

A

Counterfactual thinking

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19
Q

__________ correlation: Perception of a relationship where none exists, or perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists.

A

Illusory correlations

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20
Q

_______ of _______: perception of uncontrollable events as subject to one’s control or as more controllable they are.

A

Illusion of control

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21
Q

regression towards the _______: The statistical tendency for extreme scores or extreme behaviour to return towards one’s average

A

Average

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22
Q

Does are mood affect our judgement and social judgement?

A

Definitely

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23
Q

When in a bad ______ we have more depressing thoughts

A

mood

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24
Q

Our ______ colour how we judge our worlds partly by bringing to mind past experiences associated with the _____

A

mood

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25
___________: Mistakenly attributing a behaviour to the wrong source
Misattribution
26
_____________ theory: The theory of how people explain other's behaviour (by attributing it to internal dispositions or external situations)
attribution
27
__________ attribution: Attributing behaviour to the person's dispositions and traits
Dispositional attribution
28
__________ attribution: Attributing behaviour to the environment
Situational attribution
29
Spontaneous ________ ________ : An effortless, automatic inference of a trait after exposure to someone's behaviour trait inference
spontaneous trait inference
30
We explain peoples behaviour via their consistency, distinctiveness, and __________
concensus
31
___________ ___________ error: The tendency for observes to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences upon others behaviour
Fundamental Attribution error
32
_________ and more socially competent people are MORE likely to make the attribution error
Intelligent
33
When our attention focuses upon ourselves, we often attribute _________ to ourselves
responsibility
34
Self-_________ ________: A belief that leads to its own fulfillment
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
35
behaviour ___________: A type of self-fulfilling prophecy whereby people's social expectations lead them to behave in ways that cause others to confirm their expectations
confirmation
36
Social __________: How we interpret, remember and use information about the social world
social cognition
37
Three models of how we perceive the world: - Naïve ________ - rational and logical - _________ miser - motivated to conserve cognitive resources (cognitive shortcuts) - Motivated ________ - multiple cognitive strategies available based on choice
Scientist; Cognitive; tactician
38
Impression formation: Two types of traits we identify: 1 ________ - influential in the formation of impressions 2 _________ - insignificant influence in the formation of impressions
central; peripheral
39
Types of schemas: - P_______ schemas - R___ schemas - ______ - ____-schemas
Person; Role; Scripts; Self-schemas
40
________ - cognitive structure that represents knowledge about a concept
Schemas
41
__________ tend to be Bias towards their own confirmation
Schemas
42
__________ - cognitive representation of the typical qualities of members of some group of category
Prototypes
43
__________ - specific examples/instances of category members
Exemplars
44
Categorisation leads to ___________
stereotypes
45
____________ - widely shared and evaluative image of social groups and its members
Stereotypes
46
Schema stereotyping tends to be a ____-______ processing of categorising an individual
Top-down process
47
Consistent information is easier to r_______ and r________
remember and retrieve
48
___________ - cognitive shortcuts that are mental rules of thumb
heuristics
49
__________ heuristic: Assign people to categories based on overall resemblance to categories
representativeness heuristic
50
____________ Heuristic: Likelihood of event based on how quickly instances come to mind
Availability heuristic
51
___________ heuristic: Biased towards starting value when making quantitive judgements
anchoring heuristic
52
______ __________: Assume others behave or think the same way we do
False Consensus
53
What are the two processes of impression formation in Dual Process models?
Categorisation; Individuation
54
``` In the 'Motivated Tactician' model, the strategy you adopt depends on: 1: T___ 2 Cognitive _____ 3 I________ 4 I________ ```
Time; Cognitive Load; Importance; Information
55
Social ___________: Process via which we seek to identify the causes of our own and others behaviour
Social attribution
56
Theory of ______ psychology: Attribution allows us to predict and control our environment
naïve
57
When we make attributions we make use of 3 classes on information: ____________, ____________, consensus
Consistency, distinctiveness, consensus
58
Consensus LOW: No one else Consistency HIGH: behaviour always occurs Distinctiveness LOW: Happens elsewhere Then attribution is _________
internal
59
Consensus HIGH: Everyone does it Consistency HIGHT: Always happens Distinctiveness HIGH: Happens only here Then attribution should be ___________
External
60
_____________: tendency to see behaviour in terms of underlying or innate properties of people or the groups they belong to
Essentialism
61
____-_______ effect: attribute own behaviour to situational causes, other's behaviour to dispositional causes
actor-observer
62
Saying " I am not going to go well on this test because I am so tired and today was terrible to me" is an example of ____-__________
self-handicapping
63
______ ________ error: Attribute good in-group behaviour internally, and attribute bad in-group behaviour externally
Ultimate Attribution error
64
A soccer ball is an __________ specific category
exemplars
65
A round shape is a _________ of a soccer ball
prototype

Social Psychology (13 decks)

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