Week 6: FINAL EXAM Flashcards
(101 cards)
1
Q
_________ : refers to group connectedness and perception of a group
A
Entitativity
2
Q
What groups has the most elements of cohesion?
A
Intimacy groups
3
Q
____ groups are typically work colleagues, committees and work groups
A
Task groups
4
Q
_____ categories: Women, Muslim, British,
A
Social
5
Q
loose __________: people who line on the same street, people who like rock music are examples
A
associations
6
Q
_______ categories are how we stereotype people
A
social categories
7
Q
Group ______ - distinguish between different activities within the group
A
roles
8
Q
Group _______ - some roles within a group are more prestigious or have higher status,
A
status
9
Q
Is proximity a determinant in our intention to join a group?
A
yes, we would join a group which is closer than further away
10
Q
Why do people join groups?
- P_______
- to accomplish goals or t____
- to avoid l_________
- For ___________ support
- __________ reduction
A
proximity; tasks; loneliness; emotional; uncertainty
11
Q
Social _________ : exclusion from group by common consent
A
ostracism
12
Q
Social __________ : tendency to perform better when others are present
A
facilitation
13
Q
Social _________: detriment in performance when others are present
A
inhibition
14
Q
______ theory of social facilitation: physical presence of others leads to arousal, motivates performance of dominant response
A
Drive theory
15
Q
______ theory of social facilitation: presence of others facilities performance on skilled tasks, impairs performance on unskilled tasks
A
Drive theory
16
Q
________ ______________ model: apprehension about evaluations leads to arousal which leads to increased drive & social facilitation
A
Evaluation Apprehension
17
Q
_______ - _________ theory of facilitation: conflict occurs when person simultaneously pays attention to task & others
A
Distraction-conflict theory
18
Q
Self-_______ theory of social facilitation: when people become self-aware they make comparisons between the actual and ideal self
A
Self-discrepancy theory
19
Q
______ ________: a reduction in individual effort when working on a collective task compared
to working alone
A
Social Loafing
20
Q
________ _______ - losses of productivity due to problems of coordinating individual members.
A
coordination loss
21
Q
____________ ____ - losses due to decreases in individual members’ motivation
A
motivation loss
22
Q
Why does social loafing occur?
- output e____
- E_________ A_________
- ___________ of responsibility
A
equity; Evaluation Apprehension; Diffusion of responsibility
23
Q
_________ of __________: people feel less personally responsible in a group
A
Diffusion of Responsibility
24
Q
C_________ E________ model: links between individual’s efforts & their outcomes are weaker when working with others in a group
A
Collective Effort Model
25
____________: A mode of thinking that individuals engage in when concurrence-seeking becomes so dominant in a cohesive in-group that it tends to override realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action.
Groupthink
26
excessive group cohesiveness can cause g________
groupthink
27
____________: process via which leaders influence and motivate group members toward the achievement of group goals
Leadership
28
______-_______ theory - best leaders are born with certain characteristics
great-person
29
‘____-_____’ - leadership depends on being in right place at right time
the times
30
Bales (1950)
• _____ specialist - leader focuses on
getting task done
• ________ specialist - focuses on maintaining friendly relations in the group, builds teamwork, mediates conflict.
task; socioemotional
31
___________ ________: leaders motivate followers to work for group goals, rather than self interest.
Transformational leadership
32
Transformational leadership
3 characteristics:
– C_________
– I____________ consideration – treat each group member with respect.
– ___________ stimulation – encourage group members to think in novel ways to solve problems.
Charismatic; Individualised consideration; Intellectual Stimulation
33
Is extraversion or introversion a correlate of leadership?
Extraversion
34
leaders have a chronic tendency to be either ____-oriented or _____-_______ oriented.
task- orientated; socio-emotional
35
Effectiveness of leadership style depends upon situational control which depends upon 3 factors
1. Leader-member r_______
2. T____ structure
3. Position power/L________ authority
relations; task; Legitimate
36
______________ – process via which people lose their sense of socialised individual identity & engage in unsocialised, often antisocial, behaviours.
deindividuation
37
3 factors working together produce violent, antisocial crowd behaviour
– A__________
– Con______
– S___________
Anonymity; Contagion; Suggestibility
38
Role of ______ - deindividuation does not necessarily lead to anti-social behaviour
norms
39
Crowd behaviour is ___________ behaviour
intergroup
40
individuals do not lose ________ in crowds, but take on different identities (social identities).
identity
41
Shift from personal to __________ self – behaviours adopted depend upon social norms of group identity.
collective
42
A ______ is two or more people that interact and influence one another
group
43
Social ________ : the strengthening of dominant responses in the presence of others
facilitation
44
Social arousal facilitates _________ responses, whether right or wrong
dominant
45
Evaluation _________: Concern for how others are evaluating us
Evaluation Apprehension
46
The enhancement of dominant responses in strongest when people think they are being __________
evaluated
47
Why are we aroused in the presence of others?
1 E_________ A_________
2 Dis_______
3 Mere _______
Evaluation Apprehension; Distraction; Mere Presence
48
Social _________: the tendency for people to exert less effort when they pool their efforts towards a common goal than when they are individually accountable
loafing
49
Evaluation apprehension is _________ when in a group, which leads to social loafing
decreased
50
Is social loafing prevalent in just individualistic cultures?
No, in collectivist as well
51
People in groups social loaf (more/less) when the task is challenging, appealing, or involving
less
52
Groups loaf (more/less) when they are working with friends
less
53
_____________: Loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension; occurs in group situations that foster responsiveness to group norms, good or bad.
Deindividuation
54
In the Social ________ model of __________ effects (SIDE), deindividuation should not be seen as a loss of self, but instead a shift from the personal self to the collective self, with positive or negative behaviours depending on the social rules and norms of the group
Social Identity model of Dindividuation Effects
55
Group experiences that diminish self-___________ tend to disconnect behaviour from attitudes
consciousness
56
Self-___________ is the opposite of deindividuation
Self-Awareness
57
The ______- shift: Group decision are often riskier than individual decisions
Risky - Shift
58
Group ___________: discussion typically strengthens the average inclination of group members
Group Polarisation
59
Social comparison is involved in normative or informational influence
normative influence
60
___________ ignorance: A false impression of what most other people are thinking of feeling, or how they are responding
Pluralistic Ignorance
61
The tendency of decision-making group to suppress dissent in the interest of group harmony is known as ________
groupthink
62
Groupthink occurs because of:
1 a co_______ group
2 relative iso________ of the group from dissenting viewpoints
3 a d_________ l_________ who signals what decision they favour
cohesive; isolations; directive leader
63
The eight symptoms of groupthink are a collective form of __________ reduction that surfaces as group members try to maintain their positive group feeling when facing a treat
dissonance
64
_________ symptoms can produce a failure to seek and discuss contrary information and alternative possibilities
Groupthink
65
Group brainstorming is more productive when it (precedes/follows) solo brainstorming
precedes
66
__________-_______ effect: the tendency for people with minority views to express them less quickly than do people in the majority
minority - slowness effect
67
Any behaviour by the minority that conveys ____-_______, tends to raise self-doubts among the majority
self-confidence
68
____________ influence and ____________ influence fuel both group polarisation and minority influence
Informational; Normative
69
Colleagues, committees and work groups would fit into the ____ group category
task
70
What are the three human needs that groups facilitate?
Affiliation; Achievement; Social identity
71
pro_______ is one of the determinants of why people join groups
proximity
72
______ ________ : exclusion from group by common consent
Social Ostracism
73
__________ loss: losses of productivity due to problems of coordinating individual members
Coordination loss
74
__________ is a key component when defining a group
interaction
75
"A group is formed when people perceive themselves as '__' in contrast to '____'; this is where a social identity is formed
Us; Them
76
__-______: co-participants working individually on a noncompetitive activity
Co-actors
77
If social arousal facilitates dominant responses, it should boost performance on ____ tasks and hurt performance on _____ tasks
easy; difficult
78
How did Robert Zajonc further our understanding of social facilitation?
Using arousal theory and the idea that social arousal should facilitate easy tasks and hinder our performance on hard tasks
79
Women, Muslims and the British are all ________ _________
social categories
80
A person that lives in the same street is an example of a _______ associations
loose associations
81
Zajonc's _____ theory of facilitation: physical presence of others leads to arousal, motivates performance of dominant responses
Drive theory
82
What three reasons explain why we are so aroused when others are around?
Evaluation apprehension; Distraction; Mere presence
83
________-________ theory of social facilitation: we are distracted by a crowd that are watching us and that conflicts with our performance thus increasing arousal
Distraction - Conflict theory of social facilitation
84
___-________ theory: when people become self-aware they make comparisons between their actual and ideal self. Which then increases motivation to consolidate both together
Self-Discrepancy theory
85
_______ ______ model: links between individual's efforts and their outcomes weaken when working with others in a group
Collective Effort Model
86
When all members get equal shares in the task reward, ______ ________ is more likely to occur
Social Loafing
87
The larger a group gets, the less personal ______ a single person has
identity
88
Aggressive outbursts by large groups are often preceded by ___ actions that arouse and divert people's attention
minor actions
89
Deindividuation is less likely when individual ___-________ is high
self-awareness
90
Is electronic brainstorming or brain writing better?
Brainstorming
91
What requires more effort, brainstorming or brainwriting?
Brainwriting because it requires more effort to read others ideas
92
_____ __________: Group-produced enhancement of members pre-existing tendencies
Group polarisation
93
_____ ___________: discussion typically strengthens the average inclination of group members
Group Polarisation
94
___________ influence: influence that results from accepting evidence about reality
Informational influence
95
__________ influence: influence based on a person's desire to be accepted or admired by others
normative influence
96
Ref______ in________ influence examines the interrelationship of normative and informational influence and how both are shaped by group identities
Referent Informational Influence
97
Pl________ Ig_________: a false impression of what most other people are thinking or feeling, or how they are responding
Pluralistic Ignorance
98
Brainstorming in _______ groups is less efficient than ______ groups
larger; smaller
99
Task leaders have a ________ style; Social Leaders have a _________ style
directive; democratic
100
__________ theory: leaders will either be task-orientated or socio-emotional - orientated
Contingency Theory
101
In ______ ________ theory of leadership, a leader is the in-group prototype
social identity theory
