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PYB203 > week 2 > Flashcards

week 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

areas of rapid growth and development in infancy:

A 
physical 
perceptual 
cognitive 
language 
social and emotional
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2
Q

what are newborn reflexes

A

survival reflexes eg. breathing, eye blink, sucking

primitive reflexes eg. babinski reflex, grasping

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3
Q

what happens to newborn reflexes for motor development

A

they are often unlearned, involuntary responses to stimuli
survival reflexes are adaptive
primitive reflexes are less adaptive and typically disappear in early infancy

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4
Q

what is the babinski reflex

A

when you touch a baby’s foot their toes fan out instead of curl in

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5
Q

what is the grasping reflex

A

when you give a baby something eg. finger or pencil they will grip onto it

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6
Q

what is an indicator that there is a disruption to the nervous system for infants motor development

A

particular reflexes last longer than they should or they reamurge

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7
Q

what does the return of primitive reflexes indicate

A

central peripheral nervous system disruption

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8
Q

at what age should the babinski reflex disappear

A

by 12-18 months

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9
Q

if the Babinski reflex disappears within the first year of an infants life what does this indicate

A

normal neurological development

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10
Q

at what age does the grasping reflex disappear

A

within the first 3-4 months

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11
Q

what is the grasping reflex replaced by

A

voluntary grapsing

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12
Q

what does the grasping reflex disappearing within an infant’s first 3-4 months indicate

A

normal neurological development

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13
Q

what are the 2 trends for motor development in infants

A

cephalocaudal

proxmodistal

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14
Q

what is cephalocaudal motor development

A

head to tail

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15
Q

what is proximodistal motor development

A

near to far

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16
Q

what does cephalocaudal mean

A

that we tend to see control of the head before the arms or legs

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17
Q

what does proximodistal mean for motor development

A

we tend to see development in the trunk before the fingers

eg. things that are closer to the centre of the body develop quicker

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18
Q

what motor skills develop first

A

gross motor skills develop before fine motor skills

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19
Q

what is gross motor skills

A

movement of large muscles of arms, legs, and torso

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20
Q

example of proximodistal

A

an infant may be able to wack a toy with their arm but not be able to grab it with their fingers because the arm is closer to the centre of the body than the fingers

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21
Q

what are fine motor skills

A

movement of small muscles such as fingers and toes

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22
Q

how do we know what babies can see/perceive/know

A

habituation
preferential looking
evoked potentials
operant conditioning

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23
Q

what is habituation

A

the process of learning to be bored with a stimulus

eg. after repeated, presentation with the same visual stimuli, the infant becomes bored and looks away

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24
Q

habituation: what happens if the infant is presented a different stimulus and the infant regains interest

A

the researchers are able to conclude that the infant has discriminated between the two stimuli

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25
when can habituation be used
to test for discrimination of stimuli by all the senses
26
what is preferential looking
we present the infant with 2 stimuli at the same time and measure the length of time the infant spends looking at each
27
preferential looking: if the infant prefers one stimuli over the other what does this tell us
they are able to discriminate between the two stimuli
28
preferential looking: the infant looks at both stimuli equally what does this tell us
the infant cant tell the difference between the two stimuli OR they are equally interested at both items
29
what is evoked potentials for assessing perception abilities
researchers can assess how an infants brain responds to stimulation by measuring its electrical conductivity
30
what is operant conditioning for assessing perception abilities
infants can learn to respond to a stimulus if they are reinforced for the response eg. to suck faster or slower to get more milk
31
what is measured in evoked potentials
changes in cortical activity and neurons
32
how is operant conditioning used to assess perception abilities
we train a response to a particular stimulus. Once the response is established we change it slightly and can see if the infant can differentiate between the two
33
what is a newborns vision like
at birth infants have vision but lack acuity - can see more clearly about 20-25cm - objects at 6m as distinct as objects at 180m for adults - improves steadily during infancy
34
what are infants visual preference
attracted to patterns that have light-dark transitions or contours attracted to displays that are dynamic rather than static
35
what do young infants like to look at
whatever they can see well
36
what happens at 1 month regarding visual perception
focus on the outer contours of forms such as faces (a persons chin, hairline, top of the head)
37
what happens at 2 months for visual perception
infants begin to explore the interiors of figures thoroughly eg. facial feature
38
infants depth perception study
a visual cliff (table that turned clear) to examine depth perception in fants study conducted by gibson and walk 1960
39
what did gibson and walk perception study find
infants can perceive the cliff by 2 months and tend to be curious rather than fearful (measured by a decrease in HR which means interested) when infants reach crawling age (6-7months) they show fear of the visual cliff and will not crawl onto the deep/clear side in spite of coaxing (measured by increase in HR which meant fear)
40
infant hearing at birth
can hear better than they can see can localise sounds can be startled by loud noises can turn towards sounds soflty prefer relatively complex auditory stimuli can discriminate among sounds that differ in loudness, duration, direction, and frequency/pitch
41
what is sensory experience vital to
determining the organisation of the developing brain
42
why does the visual system require stimulation early in life
to develop normally | early visual deficits eg. cataracts can affect later visual perception
43
what does exposure to auditory stimulation ealry in life affect
the architecture of the developing brain and influences auditory perception skills
44
substages to sensorimotor stage
1. reflex activity (birth-1month) 2. primary circular reactions (1-4 months) 3. secondary circular reactions (4-8months) 4. coordination of secondary schemes (8-12 months) 5. tertiary circular reactions (12-18 months) 6. beginning of thoughts (18-24 months)
45
what happens in the reflex activity substage of sensorimotor stage
active exercise and refinement of inborn reflexes | eg. accommodate sucking to fit the shapes of different objects
46
what happens in the primary circular reactions substage of sensorimotor stage
repetition of interesting acts centred on the childs own body eg. repeatedly suck a thumb, kick legs or blow bubbles
47
what happens in the secondary circular reactions substage of sensorimotor stage
repetition of interesting acts on objects | eg. repeatedly shake a rattle to make an interesting noise or bat a mobile to make it wiggle
48
what happens in the coordination of secondary schemes substage of sensorimotor stage
combination of actions to solve simple problems | eg. bat aside a barrier to grasp an object
49
what substage in the sensorimotor stage is the first evidence of intentionality
4. coordination of secondary schemes
50
what is the tertiary circular reactions substage of sensorimotor stage
experimentation to find new ways to solve problems or produce interesting outcomes eg. explore bathwater by gently patting it then hitting it vigorously and watching the results
51
what is the beginning of thoughts substage of sensorimotor stage
``` first evidence of insight solves problems mentally using symbols to stand for objects and actions visualise how a stick could be used no longer limited to thinking by doing ```
52
what is object permenance
the idea something continues to exist even though we cant see it
53
what is the A not B error in object permanence
the child looks for toy in the spot it usually is, not in the new hiding spot
54
what age is out of sight out of mind
4-8 months
55
what age is the A not B error
8-12 months
56
what age is the A not B error overcome
by 1
57
what age is object permanence mastered
18 months
58
at what age do we now know babies can tell some object permanence
3 months
59
what age does joy and laugher develop
3-4 months
60
what age does wariness develop
3-4 months
61
what age does suprise develop
4 months
62
what age does fear develop
5-8 months
63
how do infants develop a sense of self
through their perceptions of their bodies and actions
64
what do babies discover they can do at 2-3 months old regarding sense of self
they can cause things to happen
65
at what age do infants realse they and other people are separate beings with different perspectives, ones that can be shared
6 months
66
how do we know babies understand they have a different perspective
joint attention
67
what is joint attention
when an infant sees something interesting they will check with their caregiver to see if they saw it too
68
what is the rouge test by Lewis and Brooks-Gunn and what did it discover
they gave babies a mirror to look at themselves. Then they put lipstick on the baby and looked at themselves in the mirror again. They found that babies at 6 months old didnt try to remove the lipstick off themselves but rather tried to wipe it off their reflection. At 18 months old babies could look in the reflection and try to remove it off their face.
69
what is attachment
a strong and enduring emotional bond that develops between an infant and a caregiver during the infants first years of life
70
what is attachment characterised by
characterised by reciprocal affection and a shared desire to maintain physical and emotional closeness
71
key figures in attachment theory
john bowlby | mary ainsworth

PYB203 (11 decks)

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