week 4

Question 1

in middle childhood what stages do children move to

Answer 1

preoperational to concrete operational stage

Question 2

what age does this change happen

Answer 2

7-11

Question 3

what is seen when a child moves from preoperational to concrete operational

Answer 3

non-conserving to transitional to conserving

demonstrate the ability to perform operations

Question 4

what is operations

Answer 4

mental actions on concrete situations/objects

Question 5

if you train children on the tasks of conservation do they get better

Answer 5

not really, they may get better at that specific tasks but wont improve overall with all types of conservation tasks

Question 6

what characteristics are seen changing in the concrete operations stage

Answer 6

centration turns to decentration
irrereversibility of thought turns to reversibility of thought
transformational thought

Question 7

what is decentration

Answer 7

can focus on 2 or more dimensions of a problem at once

Question 8

what is reversibility of thought

Answer 8

can mentally reverse or undo an action

Question 9

what is transformational thought

Answer 9

can understand the process of change from one state to another

Question 10

what scenario do we utilise the cognitive limitations of preschool age children in order to help us

Answer 10

santa claus

Question 11

in the concrete operations stage we see a shift in:

Answer 11

from understanding being driven by perceptual salience to logical reasoning
eg. seriation and transitivity

Question 12

what is seriation

Answer 12

the ability to arrange items mentally along a quantifiable dimension such as weight or height

Question 13

what is transitivity

Answer 13

is the understanding of relationships among elements in a series

Question 14

what happens to egocentrism in the concrete operational stage

Answer 14

less egocentrism

Question 15

what happens to classification in the concrete operational stage

Answer 15

abilities improve: can classify objects by mutliple dimensions and can grasp class inclusion

Question 16

what is the formal operations stage

Answer 16

in adolescence, individuals move from the concrete operational stage to the formal operational stage

Question 17

how does the formal operations stage happen

Answer 17

gradually over many years

Question 18

what are formal operations

Answer 18

mental actions on ideas: they permit systemic and scientific thinking about problems, hypothetical ideas, and abstract concepts

Question 19

how is the formal operations stage tested

Answer 19

piagets penulum task

Question 20

what positive aspects of adolescent development does the formal operations contribute

Answer 20

sense of identity, complex thinking, appreciation of humour

Question 21

what negative aspects does formal operations contribute to teens lives

Answer 21

confusion, adolescent idealism and rebellion against ideas that are not logical
formal operational thought can also lead to adolescent egocentrism

Question 22

is the NS static

Answer 22

no it is changeable

it continuously changes in response to its genetic programs and its interactions with the environment

Question 23

what are neurons

Answer 23

the basic functional units of the NS

Question 24

what do neurons do

Answer 24

they take info from other neurons (reception), integrate those signals (conduction), and pass signals to other neurons (transmission)

Question 25

what do glial cells do

Answer 25

they nourish, protect, and physically support neurons

Question 26

what are glial cells important for

Answer 26

brain development

Question 27

what is an oligodendrocyte

Answer 27

a type of glial cell that covers the axons of neurons with myelin

Question 28

what is myelin

Answer 28

a substance critical to the effective functioning of the brain

Question 29

what are the 2 primary cells of the NS

Answer 29

neurons and glial cells

Question 30

what is synaptogenesis

Answer 30

the growth of new synapses

Question 31

speed of propagation of the action potential is determined by:

Answer 31

diameter of axon (bigger=faster) | presence or absence of a myelin sheath

Question 32

in the CNS how is myelin provided

Answer 32

by the oligodendocytes

Question 33

in the PNS myelin is provided by what

Answer 33

schwann cells (a type of glial cell)

Question 34

what is different for schwann cell myelin

Answer 34

they only provide one segment of myelin

Question 35

what happens when one oligodendrocyte dies in the cns

Answer 35

it can impact the functioning of multiple neurons

Question 36

what happens if one schwann cell dies in the pns

Answer 36

it will only partially impact the functioning of one neuron

Question 37

what type of cortical changes is seen in children

Answer 37

infancy and early childhood is characterised by a dramatic period of synaptogenesis, following by an adaptive process of cell death and pruning.

Question 38

when is a notable surge of synapse growth

Answer 38

just before puberty

Question 39

the strength or elimination of snypases is dependent on:

Answer 39

environmental demands or experience | - those that are more often used are strengthened and those that are rarely used are eliminated

Question 40

what is neurogenesis

Answer 40

the growth of new neurons

Question 41

what is less common in growth: neurogenesis or synaptogenesis

Answer 41

neurogenesis

Question 42

what is apoptosis

Answer 42

programmed cell death

Question 43

types of grey matter

Answer 43

neuronal cell bodies dendrites glial cells

Question 44

what matter experiences pruning

Answer 44

grey matter

Question 45

what happens to white matter during childhood changes

Answer 45

white matter increases in a roughly linear pattern throughout childhood, adolescence, and into early adulthood

Question 46

what are the myelogenetic cycles

Answer 46

that different brain structures myeinate at different times

Question 47

types of myelinate cycles

Answer 47

sensory/motor pathways myelinate early | regions mediating higer order functions myelinate late eg. prefrontal cortex

Question 48

when does white matter myelination complete

Answer 48

early 20s

Question 49

grey matter volume routine

Answer 49

inverted U: early increases followed by gradual decreases starting in late childhood and continuing into adulthood

Question 50

what does the prefrontal cortex does

Answer 50

``` executive function: working memory cognitive flexibility inhibitory control reasoning problem solving planning executive attention ```

Question 51

what part of the brain reaches maturation lastest

Answer 51

prefrontal cortex

Question 52

what are the 2 types of executuve functing

Answer 52

hot and cold

Question 53

what is hot EF

Answer 53

emotions are involved eg. real world

Question 54

what are cold ef

Answer 54

purely cognitive info processing eg. lab study