Week 2, Chapter 2 & 3

Question 1

What are the 2 pairs of nucleotide bases that make up DNA?

Answer 1

Adenine-thymine and guanin-cytosine

Question 2

T or F: the order of nucleotide pairs is the code that causes the cell to create specific amino acids

Answer 2

T

Question 3

What are the first 22 chromosomes, and what is the 23rd pair?

Answer 3

Autosomes; sex chromosomes

Question 4

What are the reproductive cells called, and how many chromosomes does it contain?

Answer 4

Gametes; 23

Question 5

What is the fertilized egg called?

Answer 5

Zygote

Question 6

What is a genotype vs. phenotype?

Answer 6

Complete genetic makeup; genotype + environment = phenotype

Question 7

T or F: pairs of alleles can either be homozygous (same) or heterozygous (different)

Answer 7

T

Question 8

What are the 2 kinds of alleles?

Answer 8

Dominant, recessive

Question 9

T or F: for every gene, you can have the same allele or 2 different alleles

Answer 9

T

Question 10

What are recessive traits (9)?

Answer 10

Straight hair, blond hair, thin lips, type O, RH-negative blood, red-green color blindness, tongue rolling, attached earlobes, blue eyes, cilantro tastes like soap

Question 11

What disorders are due to recessive homozygous genes (4)?

Answer 11

Cystic fibrosis, PKU, albinism, Tay-Sachs disease

Question 12

What is an example of a sex-linked disorder?

Answer 12

Hemophilia

Question 13

What kind of allele is huntington’s disease caused by?

Answer 13

Dominant

Question 14

What disorders are caused by too many, too few, or damaged chromosomes (4)?

Answer 14

Turner’s sydrome, klinefelter’s syndrome, XYY complement, XXX syndrome

Question 15

What is Turner’s syndrome characterized by, and what gender is it more common in?

Answer 15

Motor cognitive delays, females

Question 16

What is Kinefelter’s syndrome characterized by, and what gender is it more common in?

Answer 16

Sterile, micro penis, cognitive delays in language, males

Question 17

What causes downsyndrome?

Answer 17

Extra 21st chromosome

Question 18

What is polygenic inheritance?

Answer 18

Involves many genes

Question 19

T or F: monozygotic twins come from 2 separate eggs and 2 sperm, and dizygotic twins come from 1 egg and 1 sperm

Answer 19

F; reverse - 1 egg, 1 sperm and 2 eggs 2 sperm

Question 20

What does reaction range mean?

Answer 20

The same genotype can produce a range of phenotypes in reaction to environment

Question 21

What do heritability coefficients estimate?

Answer 21

Extent to which differences between people reflect heritability

Question 22

What does methylation mean and what does it do?

Answer 22

One of several epigenetic mechanisms that cells use to control gene expression; chemical reaction in the body in which a small molecule called methyl group gets added to DNA

Question 23

What is this phenomenon called and what is an example of it: deliberately seeking environments that fit one’s heredity

Answer 23

Niche-picking; shy kid playing alone

Question 24

In prenatal development, what are the stages and what are their timelines?

Answer 24

Germinal/zygote (conception-2 weeks), embryonic (3-8 week), fetal (9 weeks-birth aka 38-40 weeks)

Question 25

What is a zygote called after 4 days?

Answer 25

Blastocyst

Question 26

T or F: the period of the zygote begins when egg is fertilized

Answer 26

T

Question 27

What part of development is known as the period of rapid cell division?

Answer 27

Zygote

Question 28

What happens at the end of 2 weeks in prenatal development?

Answer 28

Egg implanted in wall of uterus

Question 29

What does the placenta provide to the fetus?

Answer 29

Oxygen, removes carbon dioxide, filters waste, nutrients

Question 30

What are the 3 layers of body and internal structures formed during the embryonic stage?

Answer 30

Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

Question 31

What are the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm layers?

Answer 31

Hair, outer layer of skin, and nervous system; muscles, bones, circulatory system; digestive system and lungs

Question 32

What is metaphor to think of when considering the 3 layers of the embryonic stage?

Answer 32

Cake; EN as INterior (cake itself), ME as in MIddle (frosting), and ECTO as in OUTer (decorations)

Question 33

What defect is this (develops during embryonic stage): spine doesn't fully develop; neural tube doesn't close completely, some bones do not close in the back

Answer 33

Spina bifida

Question 34

What is one of the main causes of spina bifida?

Answer 34

Lack of sufficient folic acid

Question 35

When are the genital organs developed?

Answer 35

3 months

Question 36

What is vernix and what does it do?

Answer 36

Thick greasy substance; protects skin from water

Question 37

T or F: in the period of the fetus, all regions of the brain grown, particularly the cerebral cortex (CNS)

Answer 37

T

Question 38

When is the age of viability?

Answer 38

22-28 weeks

Question 39

T or F: the better fetal heart rate variability, the more advanced motor, mental, and language development at 2 months

Answer 39

T

Question 40

At what time do fetuses show variations in heart rate and changes in heart rate in response to physiological stress?

Answer 40

6 months

Question 41

At what time have most movements, that will be present at birth, appeared?

Answer 41

12 weeks

Question 42

At what time does the fetus respond to sound?

Answer 42

6 months

Question 43

How does prolonged stress affect the fetus, and what kind of consequences are there after birth (5)?

Answer 43

Decreases oxygen to fetus, weaken's mother's immune system; lower birth weight, premature, newborn irritability, feeding and sleeping problems, behavior issues by 4 years

Question 44

What is preeclampsia?

Answer 44

High maternal blood pressure and high protein content in urine

Question 45

What are 5 types of teratogens?

Answer 45

Cocaine, nicotine, alcohol, caffeine (200 mg safe), and asprin (small dose safer)

Question 46

Which drug was promoted for anxiety, trouble sleeping, tension, and morning sickness and led to harm to at least 10k children?

Answer 46

Thalidomide

Question 47

What kind of defects is nicotine linked to (5)?

Answer 47

Delayed growth and low birth weight, constricted blood vessels in placenta, SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome), ADHD

Question 48

What are the influences of alcohol on prenatal development (7)?

Answer 48

Under developed livers, abnormal physical development, interference in CNS development, restricted nutrient supply, risk of miscarriage, premature, low birth weight

Question 49

What are consequences (6) of fetal alcohol spectrum (FASD)?

Answer 49

Impulsivity, difficulties handling money, keeping up with classroom learning, health issues, abnormal facial features (small head, low weight), abnormalities of brain development

Question 50

What are the 3 stages of labour?

Answer 50

1. Muscles of uterus contract and ends when cervix fully enlarged 2. baby pushed through birth canal 3. placenta expelled

Question 51

What is hypoxia?

Answer 51

If umbilical cord is pinched or squeezed shut, cuts off flow of blood to baby

Question 52

What are 6 reasons for a c-section?

Answer 52

Breech, shoulder, STD (syphilis, herpes, AIDS), previous c-section, multiple births, fetal distress

Question 53

What timeline is considered a premature birth?

Answer 53

28-36 weeks

Question 54

What is the apgar test?

Answer 54

Assesses wellbeing of newborn Appearance (skin tone) Pulse (heart rate) Grimace (presence of reflexes) Activity (muscle tone) Respiration (breathing)

Question 55

What is alert inactivity vs. waking activity?

Answer 55

Calm and attentive eyes, eyes open; eyes open but unfocused, arms and legs are moving uncoordinated

Question 56

What is SUID and what are risk factors?

Answer 56

Sudden unexpected infant death - when a healthy baby dies for no apparent reason; premature, low birth weight, parental smoking, overheating, face down when sleeping

Question 57

What is the sickle cell trait?

Answer 57

One dominant allele and one recessive

Question 58

What is amniocentesis?

Answer 58

Needle is inserted through mother's abdomen to obtain a sample of amniotic fluid

Question 59

What is chronic villus sampling (CVS)?

Answer 59

Sample of tissue obtained from chorion (part of placenta) and analyzed

Question 60

Why is non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) useful?

Answer 60

New forms of DNA testing that allows for prenatal diagnostic tests for chromosomal abnormalities

Question 61

What is genetic engineering?

Answer 61

Replacing genes with synthetic normal genes

Question 62

What percentage of new mothers experience PPD?

Answer 62

10-15%

Question 63

What is cephalopelvic disproportion?

Answer 63

Infants head larger than pelvis

Question 64

What is the neonatal behavioral assessment scale (NBAS)?

Answer 64

Autonomic (ability to control bodily functions such as breathing and temp regulation), motor (ability to control body movements and activity level), state. ability to maintain state; sleep, alertness), social (ability to interact with people)

Question 65

What is the babinski, moro, and palmar reflex?

Answer 65

Toes fan when foot touched, throws arms out in response to loud noise or when head falls, grasp reflex