Week 8, Chapter 9

Question 1

What are the 3 properties of language?

Answer 1

Social tool, rule governed, generative system

Question 2

What is the name of all important sounds, rules for combining them and the stress and intonation patterns that accompany them?

Answer 2

Phonology

Question 3

What is the smallest unit of sound called and what does it consist of?

Answer 3

Phoneme; distinguishes words from each other, no meaning (t vs d in ten vs. den)

Question 4

What is the system of rules governing the meaning or content of words and word combinations called?

Answer 4

Semantics

Question 5

What is the smallest unit of meaning called and what is an example?

Answer 5

Morpheme; dogs = dog + s

Question 6

What is a declarative sentence, simple sentence, subject and verb, verb phrase, adjective phrase, prepositional phrase and what is an example of all these in a sentence?

Answer 6

Statement, one clause, it, is, is cold in here, cold, in here = it’s cold in here

Question 7

What are the rules for how to combine words into phrases and sentences and how to transform sentences into other sentences called?

Answer 7

Syntax

Question 8

What is the basic word order?

Answer 8

Subject - verb - object

Question 9

What is the correct adjectives order?

Answer 9

Quantity, opinion, size, shape, age, colour, origin, material, purpose

Question 10

What is the use of language to express one’s intentions and get things done in the world and who is also concerned with the way language is used to communicate, called?

Answer 10

Pragmatics

Question 11

What is figurative language?

Answer 11

Not literal, means something metaphorically (she spilled the beans)

Question 12

At what age can infants differentiate between different sounds?

Answer 12

As early as 1 month

Question 13

What does native listeners vs. universal listeners mean? Who does each apply to?

Answer 13

Tuned into sounds of the language they speak, able to discriminate all speech contrasts globally; adults, young infants

Question 14

What is this called; innate abilities to be supported by the environment

Answer 14

Phonemic perceptual reorganization

Question 15

Between what ages can infants differentiate phonemes, and when do they lose this skill?

Answer 15

6-8 months; 10-12 months

Question 16

What is the difference between trochaic vs. iambic speech and which is more common in nursery rhymes and poetry?

Answer 16

Strong/weak stress pattern - weak/strong stress pattern; trochaic

Question 17

What age can babies recognize their own name and when can they correctly recognize and identify each parent?

Answer 17

4.5 months, 6 months

Question 18

How are 8 month old infants able to segment speech stream (4)?

Answer 18

Stress patterns, frequently used words, statistics = infant directed speech

Question 19

What are statistics in infant directed speech?

Answer 19

Sensitivity to the frequency of co-occurring syllables

Question 20

What are the first steps of speech, and what are the ages of each (4)?

Answer 20

2 months cooing, 6 months babbling, 8-11 months babbling including intonation, first words 1st birthday

Question 21

What is the criteria of first words (2)?

Answer 21

Phonetic relationship to adult word, must use word referentially (see object/person)

Question 22

What is the difference between cooing, babbling, and babbling with intonation?

Answer 22

Vowel-like sounds, speech like sound with no meaning, rising or falling pitch

Question 23

What is this process called; child learns a new word very quickly, often after only one exposure

Answer 23

Fast mapping

Question 24

How many words do 15 month old children learn per week?

Answer 24

2-3

Question 25

What happens to learning new words by 18 months or by 50 words? What is this phenomenon called?

Answer 25

Increase of 8 words per day; naming explosion

Question 26

What are 2 intentional cues from speaker?

Answer 26

Gaze direction, joint attention

Question 27

When does gaze direction develop?

Answer 27

6-9 months

Question 28

What are 3 constraints on word names?

Answer 28

Name refers to a whole object, if object already has a name and another name is presented = subcategory, with many similar category members, a word is applied to one member = proper noun

Question 29

When do infants begin to attend to syntactic cues to figure out what words mean?

Answer 29

During age 2

Question 30

What is a class example of sentence cues?

Answer 30

This dog is named daxy This dog is very daxy This dog is a daxy

Question 31

What is this called; when a child applied a word too narrowly, using it only for a specific object instead of the broader category and what issue is this an example of?

Answer 31

Underextension; assimilation

Question 32

What is this called; when a child applies a word too broadly, using it for things that are similar in some way but are not actually the same category and what issue is this an example of?

Answer 32

Overextension; accommodation

Question 33

Why do 18 month olds have a wide range in vocabulary (avg. 75)?

Answer 33

Phonological memory, exposure to language rich environment

Question 34

What is this; vocabularies consist mainly of words that name objects, persons, or actions, and what do children like to use this language as?

Answer 34

Referential style; intellectual tool

Question 35

What is this; vocabularies include many social phrases that are used as a single word (go-away, I-want-it) and what do children use this as?

Answer 35

Expressive style; social tool

Question 36

What are 3 facts about bilingual children

Answer 36

1-2 yo infants exposed to 2 languages progress slower but catch up, better developed language skills (example of monolingual children assuming word bus is longer than word bug), better developed other skills (inhibition, working memory)

Question 37

When do children understand photos are representations of objects?

Answer 37

18 months

Question 38

Who is a dual representation task a challenge for?

Answer 38

Children under 3

Question 39

What was the conclusion of the scale model task studies?

Answer 39

When the challenge of dual representation removed, children can perform the task

Question 40

What is telegraphic speech?

Answer 40

Includes only critical words; want milk?

Question 41

What are grammatical morphemes?

Answer 41

"ing" in going, "s" in dogs

Question 42

What is an example of an over-regularization error?

Answer 42

Two womans

Question 43

What is the behaviourist answer to the question of how children acquire language?

Answer 43

Reinforcement of imitation

Question 44

What are 4 criticisms to the behaviourist answer to how children acquire grammar?

Answer 44

Children produce novel sentences, children's speech has own grammar, parents rarely reinforce grammatical correctness, grammatical rules seem too complex to be simply inferred

Question 45

What is the nativist answer for how children acquire grammar?

Answer 45

Inborn mechanisms for language

Question 46

What are 5 characteristics of the nativist belief to learning grammar?

Answer 46

Specific regions of brain for different language functions, only humans learn grammar readily, children develop linguistic communication with little to no formal input, critical period for learning language, development of vocabulary closely related, suggesting both part of a common system

Question 47

What is the cognitive answer to how children acquire grammar?

Answer 47

Some researchers believe that powerful cognitive skills can account for language learning; grammar may be learned by detecting regularities in the environment and patterns in grammatical structures (word boundaries)

Question 48

What is the social interaction answer to how children acquire grammar?

Answer 48

Much language learning takes place in the context of interactions between children and adults, with both parties eager for better communication

Question 49

What theory is this; people use symbol to communicate, meaning of symbols created through social interactions, understanding of reality is shaped by these shared meanings

Answer 49

Symbolic interaction theory

Question 50

What is the relational frame theory (RFT)?

Answer 50

We learn meaning by relating words to each other, not just through direct experience; these relationships based on context and can be flexible

Question 51

When do children start taking turns?

Answer 51

Spontaneous at 2, by 3 will try to elicit response if listener fails to answer

Question 52

What are collective monologues and when do they occur?

Answer 52

Early conversation between kids - taking turns but content of each unrelated (dress vs. tunnel conversation); 2-5 years

Question 53

At what age do children start to adjust their message depending on the listener?

Answer 53

4

Question 54

What is the difference between irony and sarcasm? When do kids know not to take it seriously vs. when do they understand it?

Answer 54

Not meant to hurt anyone, meant to mock, criticize, or be humorous with a biting/exaggerated tone; 5-6, 9-10

Question 55

What age do kids understand simple metaphors, and what do complex metaphors require?

Answer 55

5; specialized knowledge

Question 56

What are 4 characteristics of sign languages and what do they mean?

Answer 56

Arbitrary units (signs don't have to be iconic), structured and meaningful (grammatical rules followed), displacement (can be used to discuss events displaced in time), generativity (can be used to create an infinite number of new utterances)

Question 57

What is the ASL word order vs. english word order?

Answer 57

Object - subject - verb; subject - verb - object

Question 58

What are 4 facts about signed languages?

Answer 58

Develop the same as spoken language, has a critical learning period, seem to be acquired earlier than spoken language, many hearing families use baby sign

Question 59

What are people who live in Canada and who speak a language other than french or english called?

Answer 59

Allophones

Question 60

What is the semantic bootstrapping theory?

Answer 60

Children born knowing nouns usually prefer to people or objects that verbs are actions and they use this knowledge to infer grammatical rules

Question 61

To promote language development in kids, what should adults do (5)?

Answer 61

Talk with them frequently and treat them as partners in conversation, use child's speech to show new language forms (remark to introduce new vocab or vocab forms, rephrase ungrammatical remark), encourage children to go beyond minimal use of language (no single words, use descriptive words), listen (don't complete sentences, respond appropriately), make language fun (books, rhymes, songs)