Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Developmental Psychology > Week 9, 10, Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Week 9, 10, Chapter 10 Flashcards

(68 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Why is fear important (4)?

A

Orients you to a potential threat, allocates resources to adapt to environment, optimal behavior for survival, developmental (safety of children)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why is disgust important (3)?

A

Disease avoidance mechanism, prevents interaction with pathogenic substances, developmental (reduces risk when immune system new)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why is sadness important (5)?

A

Will avoid sad circumstance later, reflection can boost problem solving, induces empathy and social support, can increase realistic framing, developmental (facilitates emotional regulation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why is happiness important (4)?

A

Buffer against stress, affiliative emotion (promotes social bonding), happy things are usually related to things to help survival, developmental (strengthens attachment)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 6 basic emotions and what are 3 synonyms for them?

A

Disgust, sadness, happiness, fear, anger, surprise; fundamental, first order, primary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

At what age can all basic emotions be expressed, and what is method of remembering them?

A

6 months; 6 by 6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the process of positive emotion development in infants?

A

Smiling in sleep by month 1, social smiles month 2-3 (but can appear as early as 6 weeks), smile at familiar people month 7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the first negative emotion and what immediately precedes it?

A

Generalized distress, anger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

When does anger develop? When does it increase then decrease?

A

4-6 months; toddlerhood, middle childhood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

When does avoidance of unpleasant stimuli emerge? What age is disgust developed by?

A

2.5; 7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the process of fear reaction development?

A

First few months, smile less at strangers but no distress, 6-9 months stranger wariness, increases over first 2 years then stabilizes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What parts of the brain are involved with fear reactions?

A

Amygdala, prefrontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How is fear adaptive?

A

When crawling begins, babies prone to exploration, wariness emerges at the same time as crawling, fear causes baby to stay close to caregiver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 4 ways fear reactions can be altered?

A

Environment, behavior of stranger, temperament, psychological regulation abilities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is 1 major influence on infant fear development?

A

Maternal depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

T or F: severe maternal depressive symptoms are not associated with an increase of fear in infants

A

F; they are

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are longterm outcomes of infant fearfulness?

A

Behavioural inhibition/internalizing problems throughout childhood, poorer social and health outcomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

When do self-conscious emotions emerge, and what emotions are they (4)?

A

18-24; guilt, embarrassment, shame, pride

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What age do children understand emotion?

A

JK can understand certain events trigger emotion, 3-10 begin to understand minds can trigger emotion, 6-8 understand emotions should match what someone believes even if reality different (i.e., the wolf dressed as grandma; hard to understand its not grandma before age 6)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

T or F: young children understand that 2 feelings can be felt at once

A

F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the difference between understanding emotions at 6-7 and 10+?

A

Can conceptualize 2 emotions of same valence (angry, sad); understand mixed emotional states

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is this; culturally specific rules on which emotions are appropriate to display based on where/with whom you are

A

Display rules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

At what age can babies first recognize emotions and when do they use social referencing?

A

4-6 months; 12-18

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are 5 positive outcomes from emotion regulation?

A

Relationship success, prosocial behavior, academic functioning, internalizing/externalizing, health and wellbeing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the 3 steps in developing self-regulation?
Regulation by others, transition from regulation by others to self-regulation, transition to using cognitive strategies to control negative emotions
26
For emotion regulation, what is key in the early months?
Co-regulation (soothing, distracting child)
27
What are signs of self-initiated emotion regulation in older infants?
Averting gaze, sucking/rocking
28
T or F: motor development allows for more intentional and complex regulation
T
29
What are 2 additional developmental factors that allow for better self regulation?
Frontal lobe, executive functioning development, increased language ability
30
What are 3 factors that influence emotion regulation?
Temperament, physiological and emotional reactivity, family context
31
What are 4 traits associated with callous-unemotional (CU) children?
Shallow affect (limited emotion), lack of guilt + remorse, low empathy, uncaring attitude
32
What are 3 consequences of CU children in adolescence?
Chronic offending, antisocial behavior, and decreased physical health
33
What is the normal moral socialization process vs. in CU children?
Upsetting event, child 1 distress expressed, child 2 reacts, harmful behaviors conditioned against; CU child does not care how child 1 feels, last 2 steps ignored
34
What are characteristics of emotion recognition in Autism Spectrum Conditions (ASC) (3+4)?
Social communication difficulties, local processing bias, poorer recognition with complex emotions, stimulus duration shorter, salience of emotion lower, and linguistic strategies may be used
35
What are 3 traits of emotion regulation in young autistic children?
Stronger reliance on co regulation, more avoidance based strategies, may be delay from transition from extrinsic to intrinsic strategies
36
What is temperament?
Individual differences in emotion reactivity and self regulation
37
T or F: temperament is fairly stable and biologically based
T
38
What are the 9 characteristics of temperament?
Adaptability, regularity, initial reaction, activity, intensity, mood, distractibility, persistence-attention span,, sensory threshold
39
What is the categorical approach in regards to temperament?
3 categories and key characteristics
40
What are the 3 categories of temperament and what is their prevalence?
Easy babies (40%), difficult babies (10%), slow to warm up babies (15%)
41
What are 3 ways temperament is used?
Assess positive and negative emotion as separate components, differentiate among types of negative emotion, assess different types of regulatory capacity
42
Who suggested the categorical approach of temperament?
Thomas & Chess longitudinal study
43
Who suggested the dimensional approach of temperament?
Mary Rothbart
44
What is the dimensional approach of temperament?
Temperament biologically based, focuses on self regulation/effortful control; temperament changes as brain matures
45
What are the 3 characteristics of Mary Rothbart's theory of temperament?
Surgency/extraversion, negative affect, effortful control
46
T or F: twin studies show heredity influence, and impact of heredity depends on temperamental dimension
T
47
What are the 3 environmental contributions to temperament?
Parents behavior (responsive parents = less emotional infants), genetic effects can be amplified (negative affect increased by harsh parenting), temperament can cause children to be susceptible to environmental influences (DRD4 gene)
48
T or F: a shy toddler more likely to become introverted adult
T
49
What are the behavioral outcomes of the following children; difficult temperament, persistent, shy, high effortful control at 3-4, lower levels of self regulation
Behavioral problems, academic success, difficulties interactive with others, better developed working memory and less likely to have ADHD, 2.5x more likely to drop out of school and 1.5x more likely to have criminal conviction
50
What is this; when child's temperament matches the environment, the development is optimal
Goodness of fit
51
What is responsive/sensitive parenting?
Adapting to child's needs
52
When is temperament the most table?
Childhood
53
What is preattachment and what age?
Birth - 6/8 weeks; learn to recognize their mother by smell and sound. Cry, smile, gaze = caregiver responds. Interactive system that becomes foundation for attachment
54
What is attachment in the making and what age?
6/8 weeks - 6/8 months; infants respond preferentially to familiar people
55
What is true attachment and what age?
6/8 months - 18 months; primary caregiver is the secure base
56
What is reciprocal attachment and what age?
18+ months; children become active partners in attachment relationship
57
What is secure attachment and what is the prevalence?
Upset when caregiver leaves, happy when returns, recovers quickly; 62-68%
58
What is insecure/resistant (ambivalent) attachment and what is the prevalence?
Upset/angry when caregiver leaves, no comfort found in strangers, not easily comforted by caregiver; 10%
59
What is insecure/avoidant attachment and what is the prevalence?
Indifferent/avoidant of caregiver, upset alone but easily comforted by stranger, avoid caregiver upon return; 15%
60
What is disorganized attachment and what is the prevalence?
Not consistent, behavior confusing and contradictory, common in maltreated children; <15%
61
What kind of attachment is prevalent in Japan and Germany?
Insecure/resistant; insecure/avoidant
62
What are the benefits of secure attachment?
Closer, harmonious relationships to peers, positive peer and romantic relationships and emotional health in adolescence, higher grades and more involved in school
63
What are the 3 types of adults attachment styles?
Secure (value childhood, can make and maintain healthy relationships, trust others, comfortable with closeness), dismissive (deny value of childhood, highly independent, avoid emotional closeness), preoccupied (describe childhood emotionally, string desire for intimacy/closeness, constant fear of being abandoned/rejected)
64
What is the circle of security (COS)?
Framework for understanding children's difficult behavior and caregiver's challenges in responding to those behaviors; focus on child's attachment needs and caregiver's state of mind
65
What did the study on the COS find for children ages 0-6/7?
Improved child attachment security, quality of caregiving, parenting self efficacy, and reduced parental depression
66
What is connect parenting and what age?
Reduced adolescent aggressive behavior, conduct problems, internalizing problems, increased parenting satisfaction and efficacy; 8-19
67
What are the 3 major impacts of connect parenting?
Shift from frustration and need to control curiosity to desire to understand, increase provision of safe haven and secure base, promote attachment security and protect from adversity
68
What is the internal working model?
Set of expectations about caregivers availability and responsiveness generally in times of stress

Developmental Psychology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions