Week 5 and start of 6, Chapter 7

Question 1

At what age do children start to understand imitation, intention, and joint attention?

Answer 1

2

Question 2

According to the theory of mind, what age do children understand other people’s desires/actions?

Answer 2

2

Question 3

According to theory of mind, at what age do children understand people’s desires and beliefs?

Answer 3

3

Question 4

According to theory of mind, at what age do children understand false belief problems and understand that people may feel one emotion but display another?

Answer 4

5

Question 5

When can infants start to remember past events?

Answer 5

2-3 months

Question 6

At what age do children start using memory strategies?

Answer 6

7

Question 7

What are 4 strategies for remembering?

Answer 7

Rehearsal, organization, chunking, elaboration

Question 8

Which strategies work for working memory (2)?

Answer 8

Rehearsal and chunking

Question 9

What strategies for remembering work for longterm memory (2)?

Answer 9

Organization, elaboration

Question 10

What is this; child’s informal understanding of memory and what does it develop in parallel to?

Answer 10

Metamemory, metacognitive knowledge

Question 11

What is this; knowledge and awareness of cognitive strategies and improves with age

Answer 11

Metacognitive knowledge

Question 12

What is this; memory structures that describe the sequence in which events occur

Answer 12

Scripts

Question 13

Who rely on scripts to remember things?

Answer 13

Young children

Question 14

What theory is this; most experiences can be stored in memory exactly (verbatim) or in terms of their basic meaning (gist)

Answer 14

Fuzzy trace

Question 15

Who remembers the gist of past experiences?

Answer 15

Older children

Question 16

What kind of memory is this; our memory of significant events and experiences of our own lives

Answer 16

Autobiographical

Question 17

What is a process that leads to better autobiographical skills?

Answer 17

An elaborative reminiscing style which involves open ended questions, new details, and emotion rich language

Question 18

What is it called where there is an inability to recall events from one’s early life?

Answer 18

Infantile amnesia

Question 19

What are 4 possible reasons for infantile amnesia?

Answer 19

Immature brain, limited language ability, no sense of self, implicit vs. explicit memories

Question 20

What is source monitoring?

Answer 20

Remembering the source of information

Question 21

What are 3 things that should occur when involving children in eyewitness testimony?

Answer 21

Warn about potential tricky questions, evaluate alternative explanations, no repetitive questioning

Question 22

What is the conclusion about problem solving contradicts Piaget’s theory?

Answer 22

Children tend to become more effective problem solvers as they age

Question 23

T or F: Adolescents are prone to error

Answer 23

T

Question 24

What are 3 features of children’s and adolescent’s problem solving?

Answer 24

Inadequate encoding processes, young children don’t plan ahead, successful problem solving depends on knowledge specific to the problem and general processes

Question 25

What does means ends analysis mean?

Answer 25

Determining the differences between the current and desired situations and doing something to reduce the difference

Question 26

What are the key features of the overlapping waves model (3)?

Answer 26

Multiple strategies exist at the same time, development is gradual, children test different strategies and adjust them

Question 27

T or F: Children and adolescents often devise experiments where variables are confounded and reach conclusions prematurely

Answer 27

T

Question 28

What is the difference between word recognition and word comprehension?

Answer 28

Identifying unique pattern of letters; extracting meaning from sequence of words

Question 29

What are 2 skills important for reading?

Answer 29

Knowing the letters and phonological awareness

Question 30

What is phonological awareness and phonemic awareness?

Answer 30

Recognizing and manipulating sounds (phonemes), rhyming, separating words into phonemes and blending phonemes together; recognizing individual sounds

Question 31

What is the best predictor of reading skills?

Answer 31

Phonological awareness

Question 32

What is this process called; identifying individual words by sounding them out

Answer 32

Decoding

Question 33

T or F: 5 month old babies have a basic understanding of addition and subtraction

Answer 33

T; think of rat study (babies looked longer when there was unexpectedly 1 rat after seeing 2)

Question 34

What principle is this; one and only number name for each object this is counted

Answer 34

One to one principle

Question 35

What principle is this; number names are counted in the same order

Answer 35

Stable order principle

Question 36

What principle is this; the last number differs from the previous ones as it is the number of objects

Answer 36

Cardinality principle

Question 37

Why does comprehension improve (6)?

Answer 37

Vocabulary improves, better at recognizing words, working memory capacity increase, more general knowledge of world, better monitor own comprehension, use more appropriate reading strategies

Question 38

What strategy is this; young writers write down information on topic as they retrieve it from memory

Answer 38

Knowledge telling strategy

Question 39

What strategy is this; Adolescents use by deciding what information to include and how best to organize it for the point they wish to convey to their reader

Answer 39

Knowledge transforming strategy