WEEK 2: Cognitive Neuroscience Flashcards by Jullana Bareng

Study of the physiological basis of cognition

Cognitive Neuroscience

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Italian anatomist who discovered Golgi stains that show the shapes and different types of tissue within the brain.

Camillo Golgi

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

network were continuous like a highway system who stop.

NERVE NET

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Spanish physiologist who discovered NEURON DOCTRINE

Ramon y Cajal

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Who discovered synapse?

Ramon y Cajal

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Individual cells called neurons transmit signals to the nervous system.

NEURON DOCTRINE

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

TRUE or FALSE: Cajal’s conclusions about neurons

There is a small gap between the end of a neuron’s axon and the dentrites or cell body of another neuron. The gap is called _______.

TRUE ; SYNAPSE

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

TRUE or FALSE: Cajal’s conclusions about neurons

Neurons are connected indiscriminately to other neurons but form connections only to specific neurons. This group of interconnected neurons form _________.

FALSE (are not connected) ; NEUTRAL CIRCUITS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

TRUE or FALSE: Cajal’s conclusions about neurons

There are also neurons that a specialized to pick up information from the environment, such us the neurons in the eyes, ears, and skin. These neurons are called _________.

TRUE ; RECEPTORS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

No signal in the neurons.

RESTING POTENTIAL

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Lasts about 1 millisecond.

ACTION POTENTIAL

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

When action potential reaches the synapse at the end of the axon, a chemical called __________ is released

NEUROSTRANSMITTER

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

It makes it possible for the signal to be transmitted across the gap that separates the end of the axon from the dendrite or cell body of another neuron.

NEUROSTRANSMITTER

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

There is a relationship between nerve firing and perpetual experience by finding out how ___________ are involved in other aspects of cognition such as memory, language, and thinking.

nerve impulses

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

TRUE or FALSE: Principle of Neural Representation

It states that everything a person experiences is based on direct contact with stimuli but not on the person’s nervous system representations.

FALSE
It states that everything a person experiences is NOT based on direct contact with stimuli BUT on the person’s nervous system representations.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

One approach in understanding cognition is to consider how our experiences are represented both in our _____ (measured behaviorally) and in the ______ (measured physiologically).

mind ; brain

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Refers to how neurons represent various characteristics of the environment.

SENSORY CODE

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

An object could be represented by the firing of a specialized neuron that respond only to that object is called ___________ “grandmother cells”.

SPECIFICITY CODING

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Representation of a particular object by the pattern of firing of a large number of neurons. Large number of stimuli can be represented because large groups of neurons aren’t necessary.

POPULATION CODING

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Occurs when a particular object is represented by a pattern of firing of only small group of neurons with the majority of neurons remaining silent.

SPARCE CODING

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Field of psychology that aims to understand how behavior and cognition are influenced by brain functioning and that is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of people with brain damage.

Neuropsychology

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

studied a patient who had suffered damage to his left frontal lobe.

Paul Broca (1861)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The patient had difficulty talking and could only say the word “Tan”. Broca suggested that the area in the left frontal lobe now called __________, is specialized for _______.

BROCA’S AREA ; speech

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

studied another group of patients with damage in an area of the temporal lobe (side of your head).

Carl Wernicke

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The speech of these patients was fluent and grammatically correct but tended to be incoherent. Wernicke therefore suggested that the part of the temporal lobe that was damaged in these patients, now called ___________, is responsible for _________________.

WERNICKE’S AREA ; language comprehension

A group of conditions where damage to your brain interferes with how it processes or understands information coming in from your senses.

Agnosia

TRUE or FALSE Agnosia is when your senses, such us vison or hearing, work fine, but your brain can’t process the information. That can disrupt your ability to understand or navigate the world around you.

TRUE

2 Forms of Agnosia

1. Apperceptive 2. Associative

This form involves a problem of perception. The person’s senses work, but their brain can’t process information.

Apperceptive

This type is a problem of recognition. The senses can pick up information and the brain can process it, but it can’t recognize or make sense of the information coming in.

Associative

2 types of Prosopagnosia

1. Apperceptive prosopagnosia 2. Associative prosopagnosia

is when you can’t recognize a person’s facial expressions or other nonverbal cues.

Apperceptive prosopagnosia

is when you can’t recognize a person’s face even if you’re familiar with them. You can still recognize them by other means, such as their voice or the sound of how they walk

Associative prosopagnosia

This condition usually happens because of brain damage, but it also has a congenital form, meaning you have it at birth. People born with this have trouble recognizing faces their whole lives. It’s possible that congenital prosopagnosia is an inherited condition, as it sometimes runs in families.

Associative prosopagnosia

**IDENTIFICATION: Brain Imaging** **standard technique** for detecting tumors and other brain abnormalities.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging **(MRI)**

**IDENTIFICATION: Brain Imaging** takes **very clear, detailed pictures of the blood vessels,** including arteries and veins, using a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machine.

MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY (MRA) scan

**IDENTIFICATION: Brain Imaging** It determine how various types of cognition **activate** different areas of the brain.

FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANC IMAGING **(fMRI)**

**IDENTIFICATION: Brain Imaging** measures the **electrical activity of cortical brain areas** and can be used to study the general state of a participant and how different cortical regions work together.

ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY **(EEG)**

**IDENTIFICATION: Brain Imaging** an imaging test that can help **reveal the metabolic or biochemical function** of your tissues and organs.

POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY **(PET)** scan

**IDENTIFICATION: Brain Imaging** combines a **series of X-ray images** taken from different angles around your body and uses computer processing to **create cross-sectional images (slices)** of the bones, blood vessels and soft tissues inside your body.

COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY **(CT)** scan

**IDENTIFICATION** **Chemical messengers** that facilitate communication between neurons in the brain and nervous system.

Neurotransmitters

**IDENTIFICATION:** Neurons communicate with each other through (________) ???

Synapses

**IDENTIFICATION:* The neuron that **releases the neurotransmitters** is called the _____?

**presynaptic neuron** (the axon)

**IDENTIFICATION:** The neuron which **receives the neurotransmitters** is called the ______?

Postsynaptic Neuron **(the dendrite)**

**IDENTIFICATION:** The end of each neuron has __________ which are sacks containing neurotransmitters.

presynaptic endings and vesicles

**IDENTIFICATION: Kinds of Neurotransmitters:** are involved in several behaviors such as decision-making, emotional response, happiness, depression, and reward response.

Monoamines

**ENUMERATION:** Give the 4 Kinds of Neurotransmitters

• Monoamines • Amino Acids • Peptides • Purines

**IDENTIFICATION: Kinds of Monoamines** It affects the **happiness levels** of individuals

Serotonin

**IDENTIFICATION: Kinds of Monoamines** Regulates anxiety, appetite, pain control, and sleep cycles.

Serotonin

**IDENTIFICATION: Kinds of Monoamines** It is a stress hormone called **adrenaline**

EPINEPHRINE

**IDENTIFICATION: Kinds of Monoamines** It is an **excitatory neurotransmitter** produced within the brainstem and hypothalamus.

NOREPINEPHRINE

**IDENTIFICATION: Kinds of Monoamines** Prevalent during the fight or flight response, aiding in alertness.

NOREPINEPHRINE

**IDENTIFICATION: Kinds of Monoamines** both **excitatory and inhibitory** as well as neuromodulator

Dopamine

**IDENTIFICATION: Kinds of Monoamines** Involved in reward, motivation, and addictions.

Dopamine

**IDENTIFICATION: Kinds of Amino Acids** The **body's primary inhibitory messenger**; regulates anxiety, vision, and motor control.

**Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid** (GABA)

**IDENTIFICATION: Kinds of Amino Acids** The **most abundant neurotransmitter** found in CNS.

GLUTAMATE

**IDENTIFICATION:** Excess amounts of glutamate could result in (__________) where the neurons are killed due to overactivations of glutamate receptors.

excitotoxicity

**IDENTIFICATION: Peptides** **Inhibitory type** that works in lowering the transmission of pain signals to the brain and promotes feelings of euphoria.

Endorphins

# 1. **IDENTIFICATION: Kinds of Purines** **Neuromodulator type;** suppressing arousal and improving sleep cycles

Adenosine

**IDENTIFICATION:** Known as an **adenosine blocker** that causes receptors to be blocked

Caffeine

**IDENTIFICATION: Kinds of Purines** Has a role in autonomic control, sensory transduction, and communication with glial cells.

**ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE** (ATP)

**IDENTIFICATION: Kinds of Purines** Focused on muscle movements, memory, and learning associated with motor neurons.

Acetylcholine

**ENUMERATION:** What are the disorders associated with neurotransmitters?

* Anxiety Disorders * Depression * Mood Disorders * OCD * Addiction * Schizophrenia

**TRUE OR FALSE: BRAIN IMAGING** MRI creates images of structures within the brain but does not indicate neural activity.

TRUE

**TRUE OR FALSE: BRAIN IMAGING** The MRA **may be included** as an extra test when an MRI scan is ordered or may be ordered by itself.

TRUE

**TRUE OR FALSE: Brain Imaging** The PET Scan **does not use** a radioactive drug tracer to show both normal and abnormal metabolic activity.

**FALSE;** it uses a radioactive drug tracer

**TRUE OR FALSE: Neurotransmitter** Neurotransmitters have an **inhibitory effect,** making neurons less likely to fire, thus, promoting calmness and sleep.

TRUE

**TRUE OR FALSE: Neurotransmitters** Other neurotransmitters have **excitatory effect,** increasing the likelihood of neuron firing and elevating alertness or arousal

TRUE

**TRUE OR FALSE: Neurotransmitter** Neurotransmitter **regulate autonomic responses** like breathing and heart rate and psychological functions such as learning, mood, fear, pleasure, and happiness

TRUE

**TRUE OR FALSE: Neurotransmitters** Neurotransmitters **is not released** from synaptic vesicles.

**FALSE;** it is released

**TRUE OR FALSE: NEUROTRANSMITTERS** During synaptic transmission, the **resting potential** triggers the synaptic vesicles of the pre-synaptic neuron to release neurotransmitters

**FALSE**; it's **action potential** that triggers the synaptic vesicles

**TRUE OR FALSE: Neurotransmitters** After neurotransmission, the signal is terminated allowing the neurons to return to a resting state.

TRUE

# 1. **TRUE OR FALSE: Neurotransmitters** Excess molecules are **taken back up** by the presynaptic cell and reprocessed.

TRUE

**TRUE OR FALSE: Kinds of Monoamines** A **deficit in serotonin** can be linked to depression, sadness, fatigue, suicidal thoughts, and anxiety.

TRUE

**TRUE OR FALSE: Kinds of Monoamines** Too much serotonin in the brain results in: **serotonin syndrome,** leading to symptoms of restlessness, hallucinations, and confusion and could be fatal.

TRUE

**TRUE OR FALSE: Kinds of Monoamines** **Too little adrenaline** can lead to high blood pressure, anxiety, insomnia, and an increased risk of a stroke.

**FALSE;** Too much adrenaline

**TRUE OR FALSE: Kinds of Monoamines** **Too much adrenaline** could lead to diminished excitement and not being able to react properly in stressful situations, diminishing the stress response.

**FALSE;** too little adrenaline

**TRUE OR FALSE: Kinds of Monoamines** Norepinephrine also produced in the adrenal glands

TRUE

**TRUE OR FALSE: Kinds of Monoamines** If the levels of Norepinephrine are **too high,** this can lead to lower energy, and concentration are lacking and contribute to depressed feelings.

**FALSE;** if the levels of Norepinephrine are **too low**

**TRUE OR FALSE: Kinds of Monoamines** If levels of Norepinephrine are **too low**, this can lead to high blood pressure, excessive sweating, and anxiety.

**FALSE;** if levels of Norepinephrine are **too high**

**TRUE OR FALSE: Kinds of Monoamines** **Dopamine deficiency** could result in feelings of depression

TRUE

**TRUE OR FALSE: Kinds of Monoamines** **A surplus of dopamine can result in:** competitive behaviors, aggression, poor control over impulses, gambling and addiction.

TRUE

**TRUE OR FALSE: Kinds of Amino Acids** **Not enough GABA** could result in **Hypersomnia** (oversleeping and lack of energy)

**FALSE;** Too much GABA results in Hypersomnia

**TRUE OR FALSE: Kinds of Amino Acids** **Too much GABA** may cause **poor impulse control** which could lead to seizures in the brain and mental health issues such as bipolar disorder and mania.

**FALSE;** Not Enough GABA may cause poor impulse control

**TRUE OR FALSE: Kinds of Amino Acids** **Destroyed Neurons** could lead to Alzheimer’s disease, stroke and epilepsy.

TRUE

**TRUE OR FALSE: Kinds of Peptides** **Deficit in Endorphins could result in** feelings of depression, headaches, anxiety, mood swings and **fibromyalgia** (chronic pain)

TRUE

**TRUE OR FALSE: Kinds of Amino Acids** **Lack of glutamate** could result in psychosis, insomnia, concentration problems, mental exhaustion, or even death.

TRUE

**TRUE OR FALSE: Kinds of Purines** **Too little levels of Adenosine** can cause hypersensitivity to touch and heat.

**FALSE;** Consistently high levels of Adenosine

**TRUE OR FALSE: Kinds of Peptides** Endorphins could lead to addiction to exercise

TRUE

**TRUE OR FALSE: Kinds of Purines** **Consistently high levels of Adenosine** can cause anxiety and trouble sleeping.

**FALSE;** too little levels of Adenosine

**TRUE OR FALSE: Kinds of Purines** **Too much Acetylcholine** is linked with increased salivation, muscle weakening, blurred vision, and paralysis.

TRUE

**TRUE OR FALSE: Kinds of Purines** **Too little Acetylcholine** is linked to learning and memory impairments as well as being shown to have links to dementia and Alzheimer's

TRUE

**ENUMERATION:** Dopamine are produced in these **three areas of the brain** called:

1. Substantia Nigra 2. Ventral Tegmental Area 3. Hypothalamus

**IDENTIFICATION:** Serotonin is found in the enteric nervous system in the gut but also produced in the CNS in the **brain stem** called (__________)

Ralphe Nuclei

**TRUE OR FALSE: Kinds of Monoamines** Dopamine also play a role in the coordination of body movements and a shortage resulting to tremors and motor impairments.

TRUE