WEEK 3: Attention

Question 1

The ability to focus on specific stimuli or locations

Answer 1

Attention

Question 2

Aspects of Attention

Answer 2

1. Selective Attention
2. Distraction
3. Divided Attention
4. Attentional Capture
5. Visual scanning

Question 3

Aspects of Attention

Attending to one thing while ignoring others.

Answer 3

Selective Attention

Question 4

Aspects of Attention

One stimulus interfering with the processing of another stimuli.

Answer 4

Distraction

Question 5

Aspects of Attention

Paying attention to more than one thing at a time.

Answer 5

Divided Attention

Question 6

Aspects of Attention

A rapid shifting of attention usually caused by a stimulus such as a loud noise, bright light, or sudden movement.

Answer 6

Attentional Capture

Question 7

Aspects of Attention

Movements of the eyes from one location or object to another.

Answer 7

Visual scanning

Question 8

Name the experiment:

1st Part: Focusing the attention on the words in one ear (Attended Ear) and repeat them out loud as you hear them.

2nd Part: notice without shifting your attention from the attended ear what you can take in from the other unattended ear.

Answer 8

Dichotic Listening Experiment

Question 9

Repeating what you are hearing.

Answer 9

SHADOWING

Question 10

Dichotic Listening Experiment

_______ (1953) found that although his participants could easily shadow a spoken message presented to the attended ear, and they could report whether the unattended message was spoken by a male or female, they couldn’t report what was being said in the unattended ear.

Answer 10

Cherry

Question 11

TRUE or FALSE
Dichotic Listening Experiment

Other experiments also show that participants are NOT aware of most of the information being presented to the unattended ear.

Answer 11

TRUE

Question 12

Broadbent Filter
Model of Attention is also called?

Answer 12

Bottleneck
Model or Early Selection Model

Question 13

The filter restricts information flow mush as the neck of a bottle restricts the flow of liquid. However, the filter does not slow down the flow on information, it keeps a large portion of the information from getting through.

Answer 13

Broadbent Filter
Model of Attention or Bottleneck
Model or Early Selection Model

Question 14

________ lets information through based on specific physical characteristics of the information.

The filter eliminates the unattended
information right at the beginning of the flow of information, thus before it is fully analyzed and before it is consciously perceived.

Answer 14

Broadbent filters

Question 15

This model introduced the use of flow diagrams to cognitive psychology.

Answer 15

Broadbent Filter
Model of Attention or Bottleneck
Model or Early Selection Model

Question 16

Information passes through the following stages:

Answer 16

1. SENSORY MEMORY
2. FILTER
3. DETECTOR
4. OUTPUT

Question 17

Holds all of the incoming information for a fraction of a second and then transfers all of it to the filter.

Answer 17

SENSORY MEMORY

Question 18

Identifies the message that is being attended to based on its physical characteristics - life the speaker’s tone of voice, pitch, speed of talking and accent and lets only this attended message pass through to the detector in the next stage. All of the other messages are filtered out.

Answer 18

FILTER

Question 19

Processes the information from the attended message to determine higher-level characteristics of the message such as it meaning.
Because only the important attended information has been let through the filter, the detector processes all of the information that enters it.

Answer 19

DETECTOR

Question 20

The detector is sent to short term memory which hold information for 10-15 seconds and also transfers information into long-term memory which can hold information indefinitely.

Answer 20

OUTPUT

Question 21

TRUE or FALSE
Diagram of Broadbent’s filter model of attention

Messages→Sensory Memory→Filter͢͢ Attended Message→Detector→To memory

Answer 21

TRUE

Question 22

____________ (1964) proposed modification of Broadbent’s model.

Answer 22

Ann Treisman

Question 23

Selection occurs in two stages. Ann Treisman replaced Broadbent’s filter with an ___________

Answer 23

ATTENUATOR

Question 24

analyzes the incoming message in terms of
(1) _______________ - whether it is high pitched or low pitched, fast or slow
(2) its __________ - how the message groups into syllables or works and
(3) its __________
- how sequences of words create meaningful phrases.

Answer 24

1. physical characteristics
2. language
3. meaning

Question 25

Ann Treisman also believes that relevant information is selected through attention but besides physical characteristics, language and meaning can also be used to separate the messages.

Answer 25

Attenuation Model of Attention or Leaky Filter Model

Question 26

Analysis of the message proceeds only as far as is necessary to identify the attended message.

Answer 26

Attenuation Model of Attention or Leaky Filter Model

Question 27

Once the attended and unattended messages have been identified both messages pass through the ____________ but the attended message emerges at full strength while the unattended message are attenuated - they are still present but are weaker than the attended message.

Answer 27

attenuator

Question 28

The final output of the system is determined in the second stage when the message is analyzed by the _________________

Answer 28

DICTIONARY UNIT

Question 29

This corresponds to a process and not a brain structure. It contains words or concepts, stored in memory, each of which has a threshold for being activated

Answer 29

DICTIONARY UNIT

Question 30

Proposed that most of the incoming information is processed to the level of meaning before the message is selected for extended analysis and inclusion in decision processes.

Answer 30

Late Selection Model

Question 31

______________ might have been due to a sift in experimental paradigm. Experiment now are more complicated.

Answer 31

Late selection models

Question 32

Early selection can be demonstrated under some conditions and later selection under others depending on the observer's task and the type of stimuli presented.

Answer 32

Early Late Controversy

Question 33

Refers to the amount of information people can handle and sets a limit on their ability to process incoming information

Answer 33

PROCESSING CAPACITY

Question 34

Related to the difficulty of a task

Answer 34

PERCEPTUAL LOAD

Question 35

_________ tasks use up only a small among of the person's processing capacity.

Answer 35

Low-load

Question 36

_________ tasks are tasks that are difficult and not as well practiced and use more of a person's processing capacity.

Answer 36

High-load

Question 37

Lavie

Answer 37

Load Theory of Attention

Question 38

________ tasks that use few cognitive resources may leave resources available for processing unattended task-irrelevant stimuli

Answer 38

Low load

Question 39

___________ tasks that use all of a person's cognitive resources don't leave any resources to process unattended task irrelevant stimuli

Answer 39

High load

Question 40

Occurs because for incongruent trials the names of the words cause a competing response and therefore slow responding to the target-the color of the ink.

Answer 40

Stroop Effect

Question 41

The task irrelevant stimuli are extremely powerful because reading words is highly practiced and has become so automatic that it is difficult not to read them.

Answer 41

Stroop Effect

Question 42

TRUE or FALSE Stroop Effect The level of distraction is determined by the perceptual load of the primary task and the power of the distracting stimulus.

Answer 42

TRUE

Question 43

Spatial Attention:

Answer 43

Overt and Covert

Question 44

Shifting attention from one place to another by moving the eyes is called ____________

Answer 44

OVERT ATTENTION

Question 45

It is visible for an external observer

Answer 45

OVERT ATTENTION

Question 46

Shifting attention from one place to another while keeping the eyes stationary is called ______________

Answer 46

COVERT ATTENTION

Question 47

Each time you briefly paused on one object.

Answer 47

Fixation

Question 48

When you move your eye to observe another object. A rapid, jerky movement from one fixation to the next.

Answer 48

Saccadic Eye Movement

Question 49

We usually move our eyes ______ times per second

Answer 49

three

Question 50

The physical properties of the stimulus such as color, contrast or movement.

Answer 50

SCANNING based on STIMULUS SALIENCE

Question 51

Involves analyzing characteristics of the location in the scene and combining these values to create a saliency map of the scene.

Answer 51

SCANNING based on STIMULUS SALIENCE

Question 52

Observers' knowledge about want is contained in typical scenes.

Answer 52

SCANNING based on MEANING AND KNOWLEDGE FACTORS.

Question 53

Persons eye movements were determined primarily by the task. The person fixated on few objects or areas that were irrelevant to the task and eye movements and fixation were closely linked other action the person was about to take.

Answer 53

SCANNING based on TASK DEMANDS

Question 54

Attention to a location 2 types of cueing:

Answer 54

1. Endogenous cues 2. Exogenous cues

Question 55

Always appear in the center of the computer screen and indicate where the participant can expect the subsequent target.

Answer 55

Endogenous cues

Question 56

Appear at one of the location where the subsequent target could appear (left to right fixation).

Answer 56

Exogenous cues

Question 57

TRUE or FALSE Participants react more rapidly to the target when their attention was focused on the location where it was to appear. Information processing is more effective at the place where attention is directed.

Answer 57

TRUE

Question 58

Practice make it possible for participants to divide their attention to deal simultaneously with all the target and test items.

Answer 58

Divided Attention

Question 59

A type of processing that occurs without intention and at a cost of none or only some of a person's cognitive resources.

Answer 59

AUTOMATIC PROCESSING

Question 60

Ex. Locking the door. Driving while thinking of something else.

Answer 60

AUTOMATIC PROCESSING

Question 61

_________ attention becomes more difficult when tasks are harder.

Answer 61

Divided

Question 62

Ex: Distractions while driving "Looked but failed to see accidents"

Answer 62

Divided Attention

Question 63

Not attending to something that is clearly visible.

Answer 63

Inattentional Blindness

Question 64

Difficulty detecting changes in scenes.

Answer 64

CHANGE BLINDNESS

Question 65

When a cue was added indicating which part of a scene had been changed, participants detected the changes much more quickly.

Answer 65

Inattentional Blindness

Question 66

In films are spotted by viewers who are looking for them. Usually by viewing the film multiple times.

Answer 66

CONTINUITY ERRORS

Question 67

The process by which features such as color, form, motion and location are combined to create your perception of a coherent object.

Answer 67

Binding

Question 68

Integrated perception and binding create a _______________.

Answer 68

coherent perception

Question 69

Treisman

Answer 69

Feature Integration Theory

Question 70

Tackles the question how we perceive individual features as part of the same object by proposing a two stage process. 1. Preattentive Stage. 2. Focused Attention Stage

Answer 70

Feature Integration Theory

Question 71

Objects are analyzed into separate features. Ex. Seeing a ball, we recognize the both the color and the shape.

Answer 71

Preattentive Stage

Question 72

Observer's attention plays an important role in combining the features to crate the perception of whole objects.

Answer 72

Focused Attention Stage

Question 73

Inability to focus attention on individual objects due to damage in the parietal lobe.

Answer 73

BALINT'S SYNDROME

Question 74

Emotion Drives Attention The tendency to prioritize the processing of certain types of stimuli over others. Using search task, emotional stroop task or a dot probe paradigm. Our attention becomes focused on just a few of the options while we ignore the rest

Answer 74

ATTENTIONAL BIAS

Question 75

TRUE or FALSE Emotion Drives Attention Researchers have found that emotional states can influence attentional bias. Anxious individuals tend to exhibit attentional bias early during an information process, while depressed individuals typically show attentional bias when stimuli are presented for a long period of time.

Answer 75

TRUE