Week 21

Question 1

What is the primary function of blood vessels?

Answer 1

To carry blood away from the heart, transport it to tissues, and return it to the heart.

Question 2

What are the three major layers of an artery’s wall?

Answer 2

• Tunica interna (intima)
• Tunica media
• Tunica externa

Question 3

What is the role of arteries in the cardiovascular system?

Answer 3

Arteries carry blood away from the heart to the tissues.

Question 4

What are arterioles?

Answer 4

Small arteries that connect to capillaries.

Question 5

Where does substance exchange occur in the cardiovascular system?

Answer 5

In the capillaries.

Question 6

What do veins do?

Answer 6

Veins convey blood from the tissues back to the heart.

Question 7

What are vasa vasorum?

Answer 7

Small blood vessels that supply blood to the cells of the walls of arteries and veins.

Question 8

What is the function of the tunica media in arteries?

Answer 8

It contains smooth muscle and elastic fibers, allowing arteries to adjust lumen size.

Question 9

What is microcirculation?

Answer 9

The network of capillaries that connect arterioles to venules.

Question 10

What are the three types of capillaries?

Answer 10

• Continuous capillaries
• Fenestrated capillaries
• Sinusoids

Question 11

What are varicose veins?

Answer 11

Twisted, dilated superficial veins caused by leaky venous valves.

Question 12

What is anastomosis?

Answer 12

The union of 2 or more arteries supplying the same body region.

Question 13

What is collateral circulation?

Answer 13

An alternate route of blood flow through an anastomosis.

Question 14

What is the primary method of capillary exchange?

Answer 14

Diffusion.

Question 15

What is the hepatic portal circulation?

Answer 15

A system that carries blood from the capillaries of the GI tract to the liver.

Question 16

What is the function of the lymphatic system?

Answer 16

To carry out immune responses and drain excess interstitial fluid.

Question 17

What are the main organs of the lymphatic system?

Answer 17

• Red bone marrow
• Thymus
• Spleen
• Lymph nodes

Question 18

What is the difference between nonspecific resistance and specific resistance?

Answer 18

• Nonspecific resistance: General defensive mechanisms effective against a wide range of pathogens
• Specific resistance: Ability to fight a specific pathogen.

Question 19

Fill in the blank: The _______ system carries out immune responses.

Answer 19

lymphatic

Question 20

True or False: Vein valves work against gravity to bring blood back to the heart.

Answer 20

True

Question 21

What is the main role of capillary walls?

Answer 21

To facilitate the exchange of nutrients and wastes between blood and tissue fluid.

Question 22

What happens during bulk flow in capillaries?

Answer 22

Movement of large amounts of dissolved or suspended material in response to pressure.

Question 23

What does the term ‘end arteries’ refer to?

Answer 23

Arteries that do not anastomose, leading to the risk of necrosis if occluded.

Question 24

What is the significance of the Circle of Willis?

Answer 24

It is an anastomosis that provides collateral circulation to the brain.

Question 25

What is lymph?

Answer 25

A fluid similar to interstitial fluid.

Question 26

What type of tissue is lymphatic tissue?

Answer 26

Specialised reticular tissue containing large numbers of lymphocytes.

Question 27

Name three organs involved in the lymphatic system.

Answer 27

* Red bone marrow * Thymus * Spleen

Question 28

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

Answer 28

* Draining excess interstitial fluid & plasma proteins from tissue spaces * Transporting dietary lipids & vitamins from GI tract to the blood * Facilitating immune responses

Question 29

True or False: Lymphatic capillaries begin as blind-ended tubes.

Answer 29

True

Question 30

How do lymphatic vessels resemble veins?

Answer 30

They have thin walls and more valves.

Question 31

What is the pathway of lymph fluid in the body?

Answer 31

Lymph capillaries → lymphatic vessels → lymph nodes → large veins above the heart.

Question 32

Where is lymph emptied into?

Answer 32

Bloodstream.

Question 33

What tissues are lymphatic vessels found throughout the body?

Answer 33

All except avascular tissues like cartilage, epidermis, and cornea.

Question 34

What keeps lymphatic tubes from collapsing under outside pressure?

Answer 34

Anchoring filaments.

Question 35

Fill in the blank: Lymphatic vessels unite to form __________ & thoracic ducts.

Answer 35

trunks

Question 36

What is the function of lymph nodes?

Answer 36

Filter lymph to remove damaged cells and microorganisms.

Question 37

What type of cells proliferate in lymph nodes?

Answer 37

* Plasma cells * T cells

Question 38

Where are lymph nodes concentrated in the body?

Answer 38

Near mammary glands, axillae, and groin.

Question 39

What are lymphatic nodules?

Answer 39

Structures that form in regions of frequent exposure to microorganisms or foreign materials.

Question 40

Name two types of lymphatic nodules.

Answer 40

* Peyer’s patches * Appendix

Question 41

What is the main function of the thymus gland?

Answer 41

Site of maturation of T-lymphocytes.

Question 42

What are the two regions of the lymph node parenchyma?

Answer 42

* Cortex * Medulla

Question 43

What is white pulp in the spleen composed of?

Answer 43

Lymphatic tissue (lymphocytes and macrophages).

Question 44

What is the role of red pulp in the spleen?

Answer 44

Removal of worn-out or defective RBCs, WBCs, and platelets.

Question 45

What does the spleen store?

Answer 45

Blood platelets.

Question 46

True or False: The spleen produces blood cells in the fetus during the second trimester.

Answer 46

True