Week 22

Question 1

What is respiration?

Answer 1

The exchange of gases between the atmosphere, blood, and cells.

Question 2

What are the three basic steps of respiration?

Answer 2

• External respiration
• Internal respiration
• Cellular respiration

Question 3

What is the function of the respiratory system?

Answer 3

Designed for gas exchange.

Question 4

What happens when the respiratory or cardiovascular system fails?

Answer 4

Rapid cell death caused by O2 starvation (hypoxia).

Question 5

What structures make up the external nasal structures?

Answer 5

• Skin
• Nasal bones
• Cartilage lined with mucous membrane

Question 6

What are nasal openings called?

Answer 6

External nares or nostrils.

Question 7

What is the roof of the internal nasal structures made of?

Answer 7

Ethmoid bone.

Question 8

What are the functions of nasal structures?

Answer 8

• Sense of smell
• Warms air
• Moistens air and traps dust
• Moves mucous towards the pharynx

Question 9

What is the pharynx?

Answer 9

A muscular tube extending from internal nares to cricoid cartilage.

Question 10

What are the distinct regions of the pharynx?

Answer 10

• Nasopharynx
• Oropharynx
• Laryngopharynx

Question 11

What is the passageway for air only in the pharynx?

Answer 11

Nasopharynx.

Question 12

What type of epithelium lines the nasopharynx?

Answer 12

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

Question 13

What is the common passageway for food and air?

Answer 13

Oropharynx.

Question 14

What type of epithelium is found in the oropharynx?

Answer 14

Stratified squamous epithelium.

Question 15

What is the larynx also known as?

Answer 15

Voice box.

Question 16

What connects the pharynx with the trachea?

Answer 16

Larynx.

Question 17

What cartilages make up the larynx?

Answer 17

• Thyroid cartilage
• Cricoid cartilage
• Epiglottic cartilage

Question 18

What are the vocal cords in the larynx?

Answer 18

Two pairs of horizontal vocal folds.

Question 19

What is the role of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?

Answer 19

Contract to move and stretch the vocal cords.

Question 20

What is the trachea?

Answer 20

A flexible tube with a diameter of ~2.5cm and length of ~12.5cm.

Question 21

What type of membrane lines the trachea?

Answer 21

Ciliated mucous membrane with goblet cells.

Question 22

What are the primary bronchi?

Answer 22

They supply each lung.

Question 23

What is the role of the alveoli?

Answer 23

Facilitate gas exchange.

Question 24

What occurs during gas exchange in the alveoli?

Answer 24

• Oxygen diffuses into capillaries
• Carbon dioxide diffuses into alveoli

Question 25

What type of cells secrete alveolar fluid?

Answer 25

Type II alveolar cells (septal cells).

Question 26

What are the pleural membranes?

Answer 26

* Visceral pleura covers lungs * Parietal pleura lines ribcage

Question 27

What is a pneumothorax?

Answer 27

Air filling the pleural cavity.

Question 28

What are the main lobes of the right lung?

Answer 28

Three lobes.

Question 29

What is the mediastinal surface of the lungs?

Answer 29

Where blood vessels and airways enter the lungs at the hilus.

Question 30

What happens during inspiration?

Answer 30

Alveolar pressure decreases and air rushes in.

Question 31

What happens during expiration?

Answer 31

Alveolar pressure increases and air rushes out.

Question 32

What controls respiration?

Answer 32

Neurons in the pons and medulla.

Question 33

What are the three groups of neurons in the respiratory centre?

Answer 33

* Medullary rhythmicity * Pneumotaxic area * Apneustic centres