Week 3

Question 1

What is the structure of a Eukaryotic Cell?

Answer 1

Plasma membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm– cytosol, organelles, non-membranous organelles, inclusions.

Question 2

What does DNA contain?

Answer 2

Contains the code of making all our proteins.

Question 3

What is the structure of DNA?

Answer 3

Chromosome= DNA + Protein
Gene+ region of DNA that codes for polypeptide/protein (A,T,C,G)

Question 4

How many chromosomes are in a Human Karyotype?

Answer 4

23 pairs, one pair is the sex (x & y)

Question 5

What is gene expression?

Answer 5

How much protein has been made by a specific cell at a specific time.
The activation of the gene in the DNA to create the protein it cooks for.

Question 6

What are the different types of cells, that express different genes?

Answer 6

Nerve cells, red blood cells, smooth muscle, fat cells, intestinal epithelial cells, striated muscle cells, bone tissue with osteocytes, loose connective tissue with fibroblasts.

Question 7

What are the key processes in gene expression?

Answer 7

Transcription and translation

Question 8

When and where does transcription occur?

Answer 8

Occurs in the nucleus and happens before translation.

Question 9

When and where does translation occur?

Answer 9

received by ribosome then put into cytoplasm and after transcription.

Question 10

What is transcription?

Answer 10

DNA-mRNA

Question 11

How does transcription occur?

Answer 11

DNA strands seperate

Question 12

What is used in transcription?

Answer 12

Enzyme, RNA nucleotides, DNA

Question 13

What is translation?

Answer 13

RNA-Protein

Question 14

What are the steps of translation?

Answer 14

mRNA is exported out of the nucleus to a ribosome, either free in cytosol, or attached the ER (RER). Also requires amino acids and tRNA.

Question 15

What is used in translation?

Answer 15

Ribosomes, tRNA, mRNA, enzyme, amino acid

Question 16

What are ribosomes function?

Answer 16

Protein assembly machines

Question 17

Where are ribosomes located?

Answer 17

In the cytoplasm either “free” or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum– depends on the final use of the protein to be produced.

Question 18

What are they ribosomes made from?

Answer 18

rRNA and protein

Question 19

What is RER?

Answer 19

Proteins that will be part of the membrane or secreted.

Question 20

What is free?

Answer 20

Proteins that will remain in the cytoplasm.

Question 21

What is a cytoskeleton?

Answer 21

Collection of fibres that make up the shape

Question 22

How is a cytoplasm used?

Question 23

What happens in the rough ER?

Answer 23

Protein synthesis, protein folding and modification

Question 24

What happens in the smooth ER?

Answer 24

Lipid production, detoxification, calcium iron store– isn’t involved in protein production.

Question 25

What is the golgis apparatus role?

Answer 25

protein packing and shipping-- secreted proteins are packaged for exocytosis

Question 26

What is lysosomes roles?

Answer 26

Waste disposal, centres- low PH and enzymes that break down large organic molecules, old worn-out organelles, bacteria

Question 27

What is the mitochondria's role?

Answer 27

the power houses of the cell- produce ATP

Question 28

Which cells have the highest demand for energy?

Answer 28

Muscle cells and DNA replication cells. -- Fat cells decrease mitochondria

Question 29

What is ATPs role?

Answer 29

Is chemical energy in a form that the cell can use to power things eg. pump, generating muscle contraction

Question 30

How is ATP produced in the cell?

Answer 30

Within the cytosol by glycolysis or within the mitochondria by Kerbs/TCA/Citric Acid Cycle and Electron transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylaticm

Question 31

What happens when ATP is produced within the cytosol by glycolysis?

Answer 31

Fast, inefficient, anaerobic, only uses glucose as fuel (Net 2 ATP)

Question 32

What happens when ATP is produced within the mitochondria?

Answer 32

Slower, efficient, aerobic, multiple fuel sources (Net 34 ATP)

Question 33

What is used in the production of ATP by glycolysis?

Answer 33

requires glucose, comes from absorption from diet, or from release from glycogen stores in muscle and liver-- glycogenolysis, or created from lipids, proteins/amino acids-- gluconeogenesis

Question 34

production of ATP by mitochondria

Question 35

Why do cells need to divide?

Answer 35

to grow, repair and maintain your tissue and organs

Question 36

What makes a cell need to divide faster?

Answer 36

the faster a tissue grows or the more wear and tear or damage it gets

Question 37

What are the different phases of cell division?

Answer 37

m (mitotic) phase, G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase

Question 38

Do all tissues undergo mitosis at the same rate?

Answer 38

no

Question 39

to prepare for mitosis where does a cell replicate its DNA?

Answer 39

in the nucleus

Question 40

why does a cell need to replicate its DNA when preparing for mitosis?

Answer 40

so theres enough for the original and new cell

Question 41

which phase does DNA replication occur?

Answer 41

S phase

Question 42

Why does cell division only use 2 strands?

Answer 42

to reduce errors

Question 43

why does a cell need to create more plasma membrane and organelles in preparation for mitosis?

Answer 43

so end result is 2 cells of similar size (occurs during G1 & G2 phase)

Question 44

What are terms used for the steps in mitosis?

Answer 44

PMATC Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis

Question 45

What does PMATC stand for and what does each step do?

Answer 45

Prophase- prepare, break down nucleus membrane Metaphase- lining up in the middle Anaphase- pulling apart Telophase- recreating getting ready for cytokinesis Cytokinesis- cell dividing

Question 46

what are the types of stem cells?

Answer 46

multipotent, pluripotent, totipotent

Question 47

What does each type of stem cell do?

Answer 47

Multipotent- each cell can form a limited range of cell types. Pluripotent- each cell can form most cell types. Totipotent- each cell develop into a new individual