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Week 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 main tissue types?

A

Epithelium, Connective, Muscle, Nervous

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2
Q

What is epithelial tissue?

A

A type of body tissue that forms the covering of all internal and external surfaces of your body, lines body cavities and hollow organs and is the major tissue in glands.

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3
Q

Is epithelial tissue vascular or avascular?

A

avascular

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4
Q

What is an apical surface?

A

The top or free lining, exposed to the outside

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5
Q

What is a basal surface?

A

The surface closest or in contact with the basement membrane

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6
Q

What are the 3 key shapes of the cells in epithelial tissue?

A

Squamous, cuboidal, columnar

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7
Q

What shape is squamous and what does it do?

A

flat thin shape and exchanges things

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8
Q

What shape is cuboidal and what does it do?

A

square and can resist movement and damage and secretes things

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9
Q

What shape is columnar and what does it do?

A

tall and key role to make and secrete something

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10
Q

What are the 2 arrangements?

A

single- single layer of cells
stratified- several layers of cells

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11
Q

What is epithelial tissues role?

A

protection, absorption and secretion- including glands???

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12
Q

What is connective tissue composed of, and what accounts for most of its volume?

A

Connective tissue consists of specialized cells embedded in an extracellular matrix, which surrounds the cells and accounts for most of the tissue volume — except in adipose (fat) tissue, where cells dominate.

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13
Q

What is connective tissues role in the body?

A

Connects the epithelium to the rest of the body, bind structures together, provide strength.

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14
Q

What is connectives tissue appearance and function?

A

varies widely in function and appearance

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15
Q

Is connective tissue exposed to external environment?

A

no, never exposed

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16
Q

What is connective tissues function?

A

provide connection and protection between different tissues

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17
Q

What are the types of connective tissues?

A

Cartilage, bone, blood, loose connective, tendon, fat/adipaso

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18
Q

What is muscle tissue?

A

produce movement, specialised for contraction, conduct electrical signals

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19
Q

What are the types of muscle tissue?

A

skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle

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20
Q

What is used in nervous tissue?

A

neurons and glial cells

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21
Q

What are the features of a neuron?

A

Excitable cell
initiate, receive, conduct and transmit information
sensory or motor
— refer back to notes

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22
Q

What are the features of a glial cell?

A

non-excitable- doesn’t conduct energy
support neurons
multiple types
—- refer back to notes

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23
Q

What are the layers of skin?

A

Epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous layer

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24
Q

What are the features of the epidermis?

A
  • Outermost layer of the skin
  • Made up of stratified squamous epithelium
  • Contains keratinocytes, which produce keratin (a tough, protective protein)
  • Avascular (no blood vessels); nutrients diffuse from the dermis
  • Includes specialized cells: melanocytes (produce melanin), Langerhans cells (immune defense), and Merkel cells (touch receptors)
  • Divided into layers: from stratum basale (deepest) to stratum corneum (outermost)
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25
What are the features of the dermis
- Thick, inner layer of skin beneath the epidermis - Composed mainly of connective tissue (collagen and elastin fibers) - Contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves, and sensory receptors - Houses hair follicles, sebaceous (oil) glands, and sweat glands - Provides strength, elasticity, and nourishment to the skin
26
What are the features of the subcutaneous layer?
- Deepest layer of the skin - Composed mainly of loose connective tissue and adipose (fat) tissue - Provides insulation, energy storage, and cushioning for underlying structures - Contains larger blood vessels and nerves than the dermis - Helps anchor the skin to muscles and bones underneath
27
What are the 3 terms for the stages of burns?
Partial thickness- Superficial Partial thickness- Deep Full thickness
28
What are the symptoms of a partial thickness (superficial) burn?
- Red, inflamed skin - Pain and tenderness - Blisters (may form or be present) - Swelling - Shiny appearance of the burn site - Skin may appear wet or moist due to fluid loss from blisters
29
What are the symptoms of a partial thickness (deep) burn?
- Red or white skin - Severe pain or reduced sensation (due to nerve damage) - Blisters that may be deep and ruptured - Swelling - Shiny, wet appearance of the affected area - Possible scarring after healing - Dermis layer involvement (deeper than superficial burns, affecting deeper parts of the skin)
30
What are the symptoms of a full thickness burn?
- Charred or white skin - Severe tissue damage (affecting all layers of the skin, including the epidermis, dermis, and sometimes deeper tissues) - Painless area (due to nerve destruction) - Dry and leathery texture of the skin - Swelling - Loss of skin elasticity and possible permanent scarring - Possible exposure of underlying tissues such as muscles or bone
31
What are the functions of skin?
Protection, temperature regulation, sensation
32
What are the different skin sensations?
Touch, temp, pressure, vibration, pain
33
What are the musculoskeletal system structures?
Tendon, muscle, bones, ligaments, cartilage
34
What does the skeletal muscle allow our bodies to do?
breathe, maintain posture, move, speak, make facial expressions etc
35
What movement does skeletal muscle do to work?
contract (shortening)
36
What does a skeletal muscle need in order to contract?
- Action potential from a motor neuron (via the neuromuscular junction). - Calcium ions (Ca²⁺), which are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. - ATP (adenosine triphosphate) to provide energy for the contraction cycle. - Troponin and Tropomyosin, regulatory proteins on actin, must be moved to expose the binding sites for myosin.
37
What are the features in the skeletal muscle structure?
myofilament, myofibril, muscle cell (fibre)
38
Which two proteins make up myofilaments and are used for muscle contraction?
thick filaments- myosin thin filaments- actin These proteins interact in the sliding filament mechanism, where myosin heads bind to actin and pull the filaments past each other to cause muscle contraction.
39
What else is needed for myofilaments and muscle contraction?
- Calcium ions (Ca²⁺): Released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum; bind to troponin to expose binding sites on actin - ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate): Provides energy for myosin head movement and detachment - Troponin and Tropomyosin: Regulatory proteins on actin that control access to binding sites - Neuromuscular stimulation: Acetylcholine from motor neurons triggers the contraction process
40
What makes muscles have different shapes?
based on the muscle cells
41
What are the different shapes of muscle
convergent, circular, fusiform, multipennate, bipennate, unipennate, parallel PUBMFCC
42
How is connective tissue characterised?
by specialised cells embedded in a specialised "soup" or matrix
43
What are the terms used to characterise connective tissue?
fibrous, cartilage, bone, loose, adipose, blood
44
Is bone a living tissue?
yes-- complex and dynamic
45
What are the functions of bones?
protection, movement, blood cell production, lipid store, calcium store, buffering
46
what is the difference between compact and spongy bone?
compact- Dense, strong outer layer of bone; forms the shaft of long bones; provides structural support and protection. spongy- Lighter, porous inner layer; found at ends of long bones and inside flat bones; contains red bone marrow for blood cell production.
47
What are the cells that make and maintain the bone matrix?
osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
48
what do osteoblasts do?
build bone matrix-- make collagen and add calcium salts (formation)
49
what do osteoclasts do?
chew up bones (reabsorption)
50
what implications on bone density do people experience when being immobile for long periods of time?
decrease bone density?
51
what impacts can increasing bone stress by doing weight-bearing exercise have on bone density?
maintain the density and gives greater protection against forces
52
What happens when bones have too much stress?
they fracture
53
what does calcium provide for bones?
hardness
54
what does collagen provide for bones?
flexibility
55
what happens if collagen and calcium ratio on bones is not perfect?
too much calcium- bones will be too heavy and dense too much collagen- bones will be too bendy and flexible
56
if bones start out as cartilage does that mean there is more collagen or calcium?
collagen
57
cartilage go to notes
58
what do tendons connect?
muscle to bone
59
why are tendons elastic?
allows energy to be stored to provide efficient movement
60
what is tendonitis?
inflammation of the tendon
61
how does tendonitis occur?
after repeating the same movement many times
62
what do ligaments connect?
bone to bone
63
what do ligaments do?
add stability to a joint
64
what causes hyperextension of joints?
ligaments are loose, syndromes--- hyper flexibility, ehlers dansos syndrome
65
what are the joints called that connect bone, cartilage and ligaments come together?
fibrous joints, synovial joints, cartilaginous joints
66
What is a fibroblast?
a type of connective tissue cell responsible for producing and maintaining the extracellular matrix, including collagen, elastin, and other fibers. Fibroblasts play a key role in wound healing and tissue repair.
67
what are the types of joints there are 6?
pivot, hinge, condyloid, ball and socket, plane, saddle
68
are synovial joints freely movable?
yes
69
is cartilage vascular or avascular?
avascular
70
do ligaments and tendons have a slow or quick repair time?
slow
71
what is the term used when an angle at joint is getting smaller?
flexion
72
what is the term used when an angle at joint is getting bigger?
extension
73
What is rigor mortis?
Rigor mortis is the postmortem (after death) stiffening of the muscles. It occurs due to the cessation of ATP production after death, leading to the contraction of muscle fibers. Without ATP, the myosin heads remain bound to actin filaments, causing the muscles to become rigid. This process typically begins 2-6 hours after death, peaks at 12 hours, and gradually dissipates over 24-48 hours.
74
What is pronation?

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