Week 7

Question 1

What are the types of body systems there is 12?

Answer 1

integumentary, muscular, skeletal, nervous, endocrine, circulatory, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive

Question 2

Which two systems are controlling the activities of many tissues and organs?

Answer 2

endocrine and nervous– need to work together for coordinated control
— refer to notes

Question 3

What are cells specialised to do in the nervous system?

Answer 3

produce electrical impulses

Question 4

What do cells have to conduct electrical impulses long distances?

Answer 4

cells have elongated processes- axons

Question 6

what functions does the nervous system control?

Answer 6

voluntary and unvoluntary

Question 7

What voluntary function does the nervous system control?

Answer 7

skeletal muscle involvement

Question 8

What involuntary function does the nervous system control?

Answer 8

smooth and cardiac muscle involvement, glands, some subconscious actions involve skeletal muscle

Question 9

What the terms used for voluntary and involuntary?

Answer 9

voluntary- somatic
involuntary- autonomic

Question 10

What terms are used to further break down the somatic nervous system?

Answer 10

sensory (afferent)
motor (efferent)
exit

Question 11

What is homeostasis?

Answer 11

maintaining the body within acceptable limits/ranges
nervous and endocrine are key to maintaining homeostasis using feedback loops
— refer to notes

Question 12

What terms are used to further break down the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 12

sympathetic division (fight or flight response)
parasympathetic division (rest and restore response)

Question 13

What does the sympathetic division do?

Answer 13

priorities sending and delivering things needed to provide the energy to the tissues to allow to run away effectively

Question 14

What is needed when the sympathetic division is happening?

Answer 14

• ATP- Oxygen+Glucose
  deliver to bloodstream

Question 15

Which system is endocrine and which is nervous being described?
Fast, short-lived responses
Slower, sustained responses

Answer 15

Fast, short-lived responses– Nervous
Slower, sustained responses- Endocrine

Question 16

What variables need to be monitored within the body?

Answer 16

HR, BP, RR, BGL, Ca+, Sodium ions

Question 17

What is a negative feedback loops purpose?

Answer 17

returning variable to normal (homeostasis)

Question 18

What are the steps of a negative feedback loop?

Answer 18

1. something changes
2. the change is detected & signalled to the system
3. the system sends out a command or a series of commands to counteract the change
4. the change is corrected back again

Question 19

What are the steps of a feedback loop in the case of the nervous system?

Answer 19

1. something changes which might destabilise a system e.g. blood pressure goes down suddenly
2. the change is detected by pressure sensors in the blood vessels and the information is sent to the brain- via neurons
3. the brain responds by sending out commands to increase blood pressure
   These would be: motor/efferent
4. the change is corrected in this case, the blood pressure goes back up

Question 20

What are the steps of a feedback loop in the case of the endocrine system?

Answer 20

1.
2.
3.
4.

Question 21

What is a positive feedback loop?

Answer 21

1. something changes which might cause a problem/threat for the body
2. the change is detected by appropriate sensors
3. the body responds by sending a signal which leads to initiation of a response that leads to release of a signal that creates the same response and further release of the same signal
4. the process continues until the original change/threat is no longer present

Question 22

complex feedback loops

Question 23

what are the names of the endocrine glands in the body?

Answer 23

hypothalamus, pitultary gland, pineal gland, thyroid and parathyroid glands, pancreas, adrenal glands, kidney, uterus, testicle (males), ovary (females), thymus

Question 24

What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine?

Answer 24

• Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate internal body processes (e.g., pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands).
• Exocrine glands secrete substances through ducts to the surface of organs or the body (e.g., sweat, salivary, and sebaceous glands).

Question 25

Is the endocrine system slower or faster compared to the nervous system?

Answer 25

slower, longer lasting

Question 26

What is a hormone?

Answer 26

a chemical substance formed in an endocrine organ (gland) and carried in the body to regulate and coordinate cellular and bodily functions

Question 27

How does a hormone achieve its function?

Answer 27

1. Secretion: It is released by an endocrine gland into the bloodstream. 2. Transport: The hormone travels through the blood to its target organ or tissue. 3. Binding to Receptors: - Water-soluble hormones (e.g., peptides) bind to cell surface receptors on the target cell. - Lipid-soluble hormones (e.g., steroids) pass through the cell membrane and bind to intracellular receptors inside the target cell. 4. Signal Transduction: - For water-soluble hormones, the receptor binding activates intracellular signaling pathways (e.g., second messengers). - For lipid-soluble hormones, the hormone-receptor complex acts directly on the DNA in the nucleus to regulate gene expression. 5. Response: The target cell modifies its activity (e.g., secreting a substance, changing metabolism, or altering gene expression) in response to the hormone signal.

Question 28

What kind of chemicals are hormones?

Answer 28

- protein - peptide - amine - steroid

Question 29

Which chemical hormones are hydrophilic?

Answer 29

- protein - peptide - amine-- unless modified

Question 30

Which chemical hormones are hydrophobic?

Answer 30

- steroid

Question 31

What are the two pancreatic hormones?

Answer 31

insulin- decrease BG glucagon- increase BG

Question 32

What is within a normal range of BGL?

Answer 32

4-6 when fasting

Question 33

What are the steps of a feedback loop for insulin and glucose?

Answer 33

1. Body eats enormous lollipop 2. Intestine 3. Blood glucose increase 4. Cells of pancreas 5. Increased release of insulin 6. Which causes these tissues to uptake, use and/or store glucose 7. Blood Glucose decrease