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Week 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the purpose of structure and features?

A

To perform a specific function

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2
Q

How can we predict the function of a molecule?

A

By identifying its shape and features

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3
Q

What are the body systems?

A

Digestive, Muscular, Skeletal, Integumentary, Lymphatic, Endocrine, Nervous, Reproductive, Urinary, Circulatory

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4
Q

What are organs made of?

A

Tissues

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5
Q

What are the 4 main tissue types?

A

Nerve tissues, connective tissues, epithelial tissues, muscle tissues

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6
Q

What are tissues made of?

A

Cells surrounded by an extra cellular matrix (provides the structure and layout to form tissues)

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7
Q

What are cells made of?

A

Macromolecules/ polymers

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8
Q

What are macromolecules made of?

A

Small molecules or compunds

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9
Q

What are the smallest entities in the body?

A

Atoms

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10
Q

Can elements be broken down further?

A

No, they are the simplest structer

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11
Q

What are the 4 key elements in the body?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

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12
Q

What are the 10 most common elements in the body and their symbols?

A

Carbon C
Nitrogen N
Magnesium Mg
Oxygen O
Potassium K
Hydrogen H
Chlorine CI
Sulfer S
Sodium Na
Calcium Ca
Phosphorous P

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13
Q

What is H2CO3?

A

Carbonic acid

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14
Q

What are the macromolecules in the body and their representations?

A

Amino acids- proteins/ peptides
Fatty acids- lipids
Sugar residues- glycerol (backbone of lipids) and monosaccharides such as carbs
Nucleotides such as DNA and RNA

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15
Q

What do body functions rely on?

A

Molecular interactions, every function we have involves molecules attaching or detaching from each other

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16
Q

What is the key macromolecule performing interactions in the body?

A

Proteins, we need it in all body functions to perform functions (make up 16% of the body)

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17
Q

Can all molecules interact?

A

No

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18
Q

What are key determinants of molecular interactions?

A

Electrical charge
Atomic stability
Physical shape and size
Hydrophilicity
Hydrophobicity
Polarity

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19
Q

What is hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity?

A

Hydrophobicity- wont interact with water
Hydrophilicity- will interact with water

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20
Q

What is nonpolar?

A

Has no polarity, all sides of the object, substance, molecule etc, have no charge or magnetic pull.

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21
Q

What do organs have to have different in order to perform specific functions?

A

Molecules

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22
Q

What does ‘charge’ come from?

A

The unique atomic structure of an element

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23
Q

What are molecules made of?

A

Sub atomic particles

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24
Q

What are the sub atomic particles?

A

Protons
Neutrons
Electrons
Nucleus

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25
What sub atomic particles determine the size of an atom?
Protons and neutrons
26
What happens when an atom is complete/ balanced?
It becomes inert, has no charge and is not reactive.
27
Do atoms have the same number of electrons as protons?
Atoms are neutral by nature, so you would assume so.
28
For the first 20 elements, what is the electron shell rule?
2-8-8
29
How can atomic stability be achieved?
Gaining or giving away electrons Sharing electrons with another atom
30
How is an ion formed?
When an atom gains or gives away an electron
31
What is a cation?
a positively charged ion
32
What is an anion?
a negatively charged ion
33
What is a covalent bond?
When atoms share electrons in pairs, to gain stability
34
Does sharing electrons impact the charge of an atom?
Yes
35
What are ionic bonds and what are their features?
When a chemical bond forms to transfer an electron to another atom. They are really weak and can be disrupted by water
36
What are the 2 types of covalent bonds and what do they mean?
Polar covalent bond- when electrons aren’t shared equally and different parts of the molecule have different charges Non-polar covalent bond- when electrons are shared equally and all parts of the molecule have neutral charge
37
Why is polarity a key feature of how the body interacts with with water?
It determines how hydrophilic or hydrophobic parts of molecules are.
38
Is a polar region hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
Hydrophilic
39
Is a non-polar region hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
Hydrophobic
40
What are the 2 types of molecules?
Inorganic and organic
41
What are the features of organic molecules?
Make up living things Contain C, H and O Carbon atoms form covalent bonds with other carbon, oxygen and hydrogen atoms
42
What are the features of in-organic molecules?
Do not make up living things Contain a variety of elements including carbon Many are ionically bonded E.g. electrolyte
43
What is an aqueous solution?
Able to dissolve within water
44
What are electrolyte functions?
Conduct electricity for muscle and nerve function Keeps the body’s fluids in balance by controlling the level of solutes in a solution
45
What is a solute?
Solution that contributes to the way water moves
46
How do electrolytes control waters movement through the body?
Change the concentration of solutes to move to certain regions of the body, maintaining bodily function
47
What don’t charged ions interact with?
Non-polar molecules
48
What are the classes of organic matter?
Carbs Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids High energy compounds e.g. ATP
49
What are the features of carbs?
Include sugars and starches Major fuel for energy generation Contain C, H, O in a specific ratio Are subdivided into monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides.
50
What are monosaccharides?
Contains one sugar (glucose)
51
What are disaccharides?
Two sugars (lactose)
52
What are polysaccharides?
Multisugar (glycogen)
53
What has more oxygen or carbs?
Carbs
54
What are the features of proteins?
Most abundant organic compound of the human body Contains C, H, O and N Varies in size shape and function Made up amino acids
55
What are the shapes and functions of proteins?
Carrier molecules e.g haemoglobin, albumin Enzymes e.g. lactase Hormones e.g. insulin Antibodies Structural e.g. collagen
56
What determines the size, shape and function of a protein?
The features of amino acids
57
What are the shapes in order that proteins fold up into?
chain of amino acids peptides polypeptide chain
58
What can proteins be?
Structural or functional
59
What are the features of nucleic acids?
carry genetic code polymers of nucleotides hold info for how to make proteins
60
What are the 4 nitrogenous bases found within nucleotides?
A T C G
61
What are the features of lipids?
Includes fats, phospholipids and steroids Are hydrophobic Mix with other lipids (lipophilic) Used for energy, energy storage, insulation and form the cell membrane nonpolar
62
What is molecular weight?
The sum of atomic weight of its component atoms within a measured amount. e.g. The molecular weight of sodium chloride is 58 58g of sodium chloride = 1 mol of sodium chloride
63
What has to happen for something to be an acid?
The solution be able to release hydrogen and leave something else behind.
64
What is PH?
The measure of concentration of hydrogen ions within a solution.
65
What does the PH scale range from?
0-14
66
What makes a solution more alkaline?
Hydroxide ions
67
What is the PH of blood?
7.35-7.45
68
Do different sections of the body have different PHs? Why with an eg?
Yes, to perform different functions. E.g Stomach being more acidic to digest food
69
How do we maintain blood PH?
By neutralising hydrogen ions with hydroxide, creating water.
70
How do we regulate hydrogen ion in the body?
With the chemical buffer system
71
What does H+ stand for?
Hydrogen ions
72
What does OH- stand for?
Hydroxide ions?
73
What do chemical buffer systems do?
Resist change, when additional acids or alkaline enter the body, by slowing down the release of them. They cannot prevent PH change, only slow it down
74
What is the main chemical buffer system for our blood?
The bicarbonate, carbonate acid system
75
How does the carbonic acid- biocarbon system work?
1- Excess of hydrogen ions 2- Bicarbonate acid dissolves hydrogen ions 3- This results in an excess of bicarbonate acid. Carbonic acid is released to manage bicarbonate acid 4- Carbonic acid breaks down bicarbonate acid into C and H, which the body can easily dispose of.

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