Week 6 Flashcards
(62 cards)
1
Q
What is fibrogen?
A
A plasma element important for clotting
2
Q
What does ogen stand for?
A
Inactive
3
Q
What is thrombocytes?
A
Formed elements important for clotting
4
Q
What is serum?
A
Plasma without fibrogen
5
Q
What do we need for clotting?
A
- fibrogen
- plasma proteins
- thrombocytes
- electrolytes specifically calcium
6
Q
What is haemostasis?
A
A fast series of reactions that stop bleeding
7
Q
What are the features of haemostasis?
A
- vascular spams
- platelet plug formation
- coagulation
8
Q
Are vascular spasms a long term solution to preventing blood loss? Why?
A
No, it would cut circulation
9
Q
Are platelet plugs a long term solution to preventing blood loss? Why?
A
No, they are too weak
10
Q
What is a vascular spasm?
A
Vasoconstriction by damaged blood vessels
11
Q
What are triggers of vascular spasms?
A
- direct injury
- chemicals released by damaged vessel walls and by platelets
- pain reflexes
12
Q
What are the features of platelet plug?
A
- rapid positive feedback cycle
- at the site of blood vessel injuries, platelets stick to exposed collagen fibres
- they swell, become spikey, sticky and they release chemicals to release more platelets
- form a temporary plug that seals blood vessles
13
Q
What are platelets kept inactive by, when they are not in use?
A
nitric acid
prostacylin
14
Q
What are the features of coagulation?
A
- Can be activated by a tissue factor pathway or contact pathway
- blood is transformed from a liquid to a gel
- reinforces the platelet plug with fibrin threads
- complex set of reactions including: positive feedback, protein factors created by the liver, requires CA2+
15
Q
Is a tissue factor pathway intrinsic or extrinsic?
A
Extrinsic
16
Q
Is a contact pathway intrinsic or extrinsic?
A
Intrinsic
17
Q
What does prothrombin become?
A
Active thrombin
18
Q
What does thrombin do to fibrinogen?
A
Converts to fibrin
19
Q
What is calcium turned into?
A
Prothrombin
20
Q
What are the clot reaction features?
A
- Actin and myosin in platelets contract within 30-60mins
- platelets pull on the fibrin strands squeezing serum from the clot
21
Q
What are clot repair features?
A
- platelet derived growth factor stimulates the division of small muscle and fibroblasts to rebuild blood vessel walls
- vascular endothelial growth factor stimulated endothelial calls to multiply and restore endothelial lining
22
Q
What does fibrinolysis do?
A
Removes the clot
23
Q
What are the features of fibrinolysis?
A
- removes the clot
- begins within 2 days
- plasminogen in clots in converted to plasmin
- plasmin is a fibrin digesting enzyme
24
Q
What makes up the immune system?
A
3 lines of defence: physical (1st), WBC, inflammation, chemical and fever (2nd) and specific immune system
25
What things make up the 2nd line of defence?
- neutrophils
- phagocytes
- monocytes
- basophils
- eosinophil
- leukocytes
- lymphocytes
- fever
- chemical weapons
- inflammatory response
26
What are the factors of leukocytes?
- make up less than 1% of total blood volumes
- can leave the bloodstream using leukocyte rolling
27
What are the factors of neutrophils?
- most abundant leukocyte
- first responder
- are phagocytic and move towards bacteria using chemotaxis
- lifespan 30mins-10hours
28
What does pus consist of?
- dead neutrophils
- wastes
- microbes
- cell fragments
29
What are the features of phagocytes?
engulf microbes to dispose of them
30
What are the features of eosinophils?
- red staining nucluei
- makes up 1-6% of leukocytes
- digests parasitic worms that are too large be phagocytosed
- found at allergic reaction cites
- decrease inflammation
31
What are the features of basophils?
- large granules
- make up 1% leukocytes
- involved in the inflammatory response, releasing histamine which attracts other leukocytes
- produce localised inflammation
- function similar to mast cells
32
What are the features of monocytes?
- largest leukocytes
- make up 2-10% of leukocytes
- actively phagocytosis
- some stay in the blood as monocytes, others leave circulation to entre tissues and differentiate into macrophages
33
What is involved in the inflammatory response?
- histamine released by most cells, basophils and damaged tissues
- symptoms including - heat - swelling - pain - redness - loss of function
34
What is involved in chemical weapons?
- complement is a antimicrobial protein that help phagocytes, increase inflammation and kill bacteria
- interferons are effective against viruses
35
What are the features of a fever?
- increased body temp
- pyrogens give the signal to increase temp
36
Are the 1st and 2nd lines of defence general?
Yes, they are non specific/ innate immunity
37
What are the features of the 3rd line of defence?
- lymphocytes have the ability to identify specific pathogens and make antibodies against them
- if responding to a pathogen they remember it so its a quick response next time
- this forms the basis of immunity and vaccinations
- specific to an antigen on a specific infectious agent
- is adaptive
- involves B and T cells
38
What is the B cells role in the 3rd line of defence?
to produce antibodies
39
What is the T cells role in the 3rd line of defence?
Target infected body cells
40
What are vaccinations role in the 3rd line of defence?
- specific immunity
- easy redetection and recognition
- pre-expose the body to the pathogen by provoking the immune system without having to contract the disease
41
What are the phases injured tissues go through and how long do they last for?
- inflammatory response immediately and lasts a few days
- repair proliferation phase starts after a few days and lasts a few weeks
- maturation remodelling phase starts after a few weeks and lasts a couple of years depending on the tissue
42
What are the features of the inflammatory phase?
- increase blood flow to injured area
- makes tissue painful and tender
43
What are the features of the proliferation phase?
- rapid cell division replacing lost cells and fills breaks in tissue
- tissue may regenerate and function as before or may be replaced with scar tissue
44
What are the features of the maturation phase?
- remodelling and reorganisation
- increased strength of repair to produce functioning tissues
45
What does the regeneration of scar tissue depend on?
- tissue type
- degree and type of injury
46
What is involved in the first intention skin healing?
1- wound edges join by fibrin plug
2- regrowth of basal epidermis
3- lysis of fibrin and re-epitheilisation
4- restoration to intact skin
47
What is involved in the second intention skin healing?
1- large defect is filled with fibrin
2- new blood cells and fibroblasts grow from the dermis into fibrin
3- collagen laid down by granulation tissue, fibroblasts restore integrity
4- maturation of collagen achieves structural integrity and allows regrowth of epidermis
48
What are the stages of bone healing?
1- haematoma
2- granulation
3- procallus
4- boney callus
5- remodelling
49
What are the factors that delay healing?
- decrease of blood flow
- decreased in blood o2
- poor nutrition
- some medical conditions and treatments
50
What are the features of healing cartilage, tendons and ligaments?
- poor blood supply
- these tissues do not remodel under stress
51
What are the types blood collection and what are they?
- venepuncture occurs at the superficial vein anterior to elbow
- capillary puncture occurs in the fingertip, earlobe, big toe or heel
- arterial puncture occurs at the radial artery at the wrist or the brachial artery in the elbow and is used to check gas exchange
52
What do blood tests involve?
- withdrawing blood
- putting in a centrifuge
- separating it into plasma or serum and RBCs
53
What is involved in a full blood count and the abbreviation of each?
- haemoglobin Hb
- Red blood count RCC
- White blood count WCC
- platelet count PC
- haematocrit HCT
- red cell indicites
- size, weight and Hb content in each cell
54
What are the normal ranges of WBC counts?
Neutrophils 40-75%
lymphocytes 20-50%
monocytes 2-10%
eosinophils 1-6%
basophils 0.5-1%
55
What is the purpose of WCC?
- asses the ability of the body’s ability to respond to and fight infection
- detects severity of allergic reactions, parasitic and other types of infections and drug reactions
- identifies some types of leukaemia and lymphedema
56
What is haematocrits?
- percentage of blood occupied by RBC
- remaining formed elements that make up the buffy coat layer which separates plamsa and RBCs
- m levels 40-50%
- f levels 37-47%
57
What is dyscrasia?
An abnormality involving a cellular component of blood
58
What is anaemia?
decreased RBC count or decreased Hb levels attached to an RBC
59
What is leukocytosis?
An increase in leucocyte count- moderate increase may be due to inflammation, a sever increase is due to marrow abnormality
60
What is leukopenia?
A decrease in leucocyte count can be cause by chemo, radiation or overwhelming infection
61
What are the features of leukaemia?
- bone marrow occupied by cancerous leukocytes
- immature, non-function WBCs in bloodstream
- death caused haemorrhage and overwhelming infection
- treatments include radiation, cytotoxic drugs and stem cell transplants
62
What are platelet disorders?
- thrombocytopenia which is decreased platelet numbers resulting in bleeding
- thrombocytosis which is an increase of platelet numbers resulting in clotting within vessels
