Week 5

Question 1

Is blood a fluid connective tissue?

Answer 1

Yes

Question 2

What is the temperature of blood?

Answer 2

38 degrees

Question 3

What percentage of body weight does blood make up?

Answer 3

8%

Question 4

What is the average volume of blood for females and males?

Answer 4

F- 4.5L

M- 5.6L

Question 5

What are the 2 parts that make up blood?

Answer 5

plasma 55%

formulated elements 45%

Question 6

What are the 2 parts that make up plasma?

Answer 6

water

proteins

other solutes such as ions, nutrients and gases

Question 7

What are the parts that make up formulated elements in the blood?

Answer 7

96-98% RBC

2-4% WBC and platelets

Question 8

What is another name for WBC?

Answer 8

Leukocytes

Question 9

What are the 4 key proteins in blood?

Answer 9

Albumin

Globulins

Fibrinogen

Prothrombin

Question 10

What are the functions of blood?

Answer 10

To transport gases, fats, hormones, nutrients, waste and signals

To maintain homeostasis such as temp, PH and fluid

To provide defence against pathogens by fighting and maintaining barriers through clotting

Question 11

Are haemopoiesis and hematopoiesis the same thing?

Answer 11

Yes

Question 12

What is haemopoiesis?

Answer 12

The production of blood cell and platelets from stem cells in the bone marrow.

Question 13

What does multipotent mean?

Answer 13

The ability to divide to differentiate to perform specific functions

Question 14

Are haemopoiesis stem cell multipotent?

Answer 14

Yes

Question 15

What happens to the division of blood cells once they hit the blood stream?

Answer 15

They stop dividing

Question 16

Is the body constantly making new blood cells?

Answer 16

Yes

Question 17

Where does haemopoiesis occur in adults?

Answer 17

On the ends of long bones and flat irregular bones such as the vertebrae, skull, ribs, pelvis

Question 18

What happens when bone marrow is no longer able to produce blood cells?

Answer 18

It turns into yellow fatty marrow

Question 19

What are the steps in haemopoiesis?

Answer 19

1- A haemopoietic stem cell undergoes mitosis. 1 stem cell will stay in the red blood cell producing marrow so we don’t run out of stem cells

2- The body signals the stem cell to produce either a myloid or lymphoid stem cell

3- The differentiated stem cell will undergo mitosis to create further differentiation

Question 20

What is the name of the process when further differentiation from a myloid or lymphoid occurs?

Answer 20

Lineage

Question 21

Can further differentiation from a myloid or lymphoid cells be reversed?

Answer 21

No

Question 22

What do lymphoid cells differentiate into?

Answer 22

B lymphocytes

T lymphocytes

Natural killer cells

Question 23

What can myloids differentiate into?

Answer 23

RBC

platelets

granulocytes such as basophils, neutrophils and eosinophils

monocytes

Question 24

What is plasma made up of in percentages?

Answer 24

90% water

10% other including proteins

Question 25

Are the proteins in blood stuck in the blood stream? Why?

Answer 25

Yes, they are too big to get past capillaries

Question 26

Where are the bloodstream proteins produced?

Answer 26

In the liver

Question 27

Do plasma proteins effect osmosis? How?

Answer 27

Yes, they contribute to the osmotic pressure of blood

Question 28

What are the plasma proteins and their roles?

Answer 28

- Albumin to maintain normal levels of plasma and osmotic pressure and are carriers for fatty acids, some drugs and steroids - Globulins are antibodies and transport proteins - Fibrinogen are clotting factors - Regulatory proteins which are enzymes and hormones

Question 29

What is one of the most important solutes/ charged ions in the body?

Answer 29

Electrolytes

Question 30

What are some key electrolytes inc their names and signs?

Answer 30

NA+ sodium ions K+ potassium ions CA2+ calcium ions CL- chloride ions HC03- bicarbonate ions PO42- phosphate ion

Question 31

What are the features of NA+?

Answer 31

- Most abundant in ECF - Water balance - Neuron and muscle activation

Question 32

What are the features of K+?

Answer 32

- Most abundant in ICF - Neuron and muscle activation

Question 33

What are the features of CA2+?

Answer 33

- Nerve transmission - muscle contraptions - blood clotting - cell signals - healthy bones and teeth

Question 34

What are the features of CL-?

Answer 34

most abundant in ECF

Question 35

What are the features of HC03-?

Answer 35

Buffering ECF

Question 36

What are the features of PO42-?

Answer 36

- Buffering ICF - Healthy bones and teeth

Question 37

What are some waste examples in the ‘other’ part of plasma?

Answer 37

urea creatine

Question 38

Are RBCs complete cells?

Answer 38

Kind of. They are complete with no nucleus

Question 39

Are WBCs complete cells?

Answer 39

Yes

Question 40

Do erythrocytes have organelles or a nucleus?

Answer 40

No

Question 41

What does homogenous mean?

Answer 41

The same

Question 42

What are the features of leukocytes (WBC)?

Answer 42

- Make up less than 1% of blood volume - Are the cells of the immune system an provide defence - Remain in the bloodstream until there is an issue and they will move to it, providing leukocyte rolling - Can be split into 2 categories: granulocytes and agranulocytes

Question 43

What is leukocyte rolling?

Answer 43

WBCs sticking to the inside of a blood vessel wall and make their way out due to a signal, rolling through different tissues to make their way to the site of infection

Question 44

What are the types of granulocytes?

Answer 44

neutrophils eosinophils basophils

Question 45

Are granulocytes able to be seen in cells?

Answer 45

Yes, when staines

Question 46

Are neutrophils phagocytic?

Answer 46

Yes

Question 47

What are the types of agranulocytes?

Answer 47

monocytes macrophages lymphocytes

Question 48

Can agranulocytes be seen when stained?

Answer 48

No

Question 49

What agranulocytes are phagocytic?

Answer 49

monocytes macrophages

Question 50

What are erythrocytes?

Answer 50

RBCs

Question 51

What is the role of RBCs?

Answer 51

Top transport O2 and CO2 through the bloodstream

Question 52

What are the normal numbers of RBCs in blood for females and males?

Answer 52

M- 4.5-6.5×10 to the power of 12/L F- 3.8-5.8×10 to the power of 12/L

Question 53

Why do RBCs not have a nucleus or organelles?

Answer 53

They are too full of haemoglobin

Question 54

How many components make up haemoglobin?

Answer 54

4

Question 55

What are haem in haemoglobin stand for?

Answer 55

Iron

Question 56

How does iron interact with RBCs?

Answer 56

Joins to a RBC, allowing O2 to be transported around the bloodstream

Question 57

What are the key features of RBC structure?

Answer 57

- biconcave discs - filled with haemoglobin - no nucleus or organelles - flexible and can fold to fit through capillaries

Question 58

What is a biconcave disc?

Answer 58

A shape with a big surface area for gas exchange

Question 59

What is a rouleax?

Answer 59

The stacking of RBCs indicating disease

Question 60

How long is a RBC’s life? Why is it that long?

Answer 60

100-120 days, because they are constantly in motion and cannot make new components due to having no organelles, so they wear out

Question 61

What are the erythrocyte recycling features?

Answer 61

- RBCs are made in bone marrow - You want the rate of production to match the rate of production? - If fluid decrease it puts, stress on RBCs which leads to more damage - Macrophages phagocytosis worn out RBCs in the spleen, liver and bone marrow - 2 to 3 million new RBCs enter the bloodstream per second

Question 62

What do reticulocytes turn into? In how many days?

Answer 62

It takes 7 days to differentiate into a reticulocyte. Erythrocytes in 1-2 days after entering the blood stream