Week 4 - Emotion and Emotions Regulation Flashcards
(25 cards)
What are the 6 primary emotions?
- happy
- sad
- fear
- angry
- shocked
- disgust
What are secondary emotions? Provide examples.
Emotional reactions we have to other emotions
Social context plays a major role
e.g.
- embarrassment
- shame
- guilt
- pride
- jealousy
What is the Lazarus-Schachter Theory?
Emotions can be misinterpreted.
An external stimulus can make you feel aroused/jittery which can mislead you to feel aroused/see someone as attractive.
e.g. People crossing a big scary bridge - makes them feel nervous, excited, quite thrilling - they reported that the person crossing the bridge was attractive!
What are the 5 components of emotions?
- cognitive component (appraisal)
- neurophysiological component (bodily Sx)
- Motivational component (action tendencies)
- motor-expressive component (expressions)
- subjective feeling component (experience)
How do emotions function?
- motivation
- attention
- cognition
- social functions
What is the general trend between emotions and performance?
Pleasant emotions = increased performance
unpleasant emotions = decreased performance
*but very individual!
What is the impact of the emergence of emotions?
- goal relevance - may not apply
- role of evolutionary memories/motivations - desire to win (survival/identity) OR desire not to lose (death/loss of status)
Desire to win –> loss = anger and win = pride
Desire to lose –> lose = pain and win = relief
Define ideal performance states.
Based on Individuals Zones of Optimal Functioning
Relationship between intensity and emotions to determine optimal performance
Define emotion regulation.
the process of how people influence what emotions are experienced, when they occur, and how they are experienced and expressed
- typically relates to performance
- goal to downregulate unhelpful emotions and upregulate helpful emotions
What is the process of individual emotion regulation?
- situation selection
- situation modification
- attentional deployment
- cognitive change
- response modulation
What could situation selection look like?
- avoid specific situations
- select only situations we are comfortable with
- can be problematic in sport
What could situation modification look like?
- changing situation to be more comfortable
- e.g. spending less time in competition arena if it makes you nervous
- e.g. not watching competitors perform
What could attentional deployment look like?
“I was not thinking about the world record. When I go into a race thinking about times, I alwas screw up. So I was thinking about my start trying to relax. Just focus on doing the job at hand”
It separates in four directions:
1. external
2. narrow
3. internal
4. broad
Find which one works best/most comfortable then train to focus on what works best.
It could be routines!
What could cognitive change look like?
- recognise own emotions and reasons for experiencing them
- know physiological reactions and know that they are part of sport
- know resources
- reframe situation - through relativisation, reflection, acceptance, cognitive reframing
Red vs green thoughts….
“I will never get better at this” vs “I need to focus on this particular skill to improve, be patient”
What could response modulation look like?
- modulation emotional response
- find optimal state of arousal
Techniques…
Calming
- breathing
- PMR
- meditation
Arousing
- breathing
- music
- smells
What about group emotions?
Research mainly focuses on individual // collective emotions are high when identification with group is high.
Group-based:
* reaction as a member of the group, rather than as an individual (e.g. feel proud or ashamed of the group)
Collective:
* collective experience of emotion in specific situation (e.g. celebration of a goal)
Emotional contagion
* transfer of emotions between members of a group (e..g my teammate pulls me down)
Define Emotions as Social Information (EASI) Model.
- subjective experience causes emotion
- NVB display causes signal
- NVB expression recognised by observer causes affect/inference
- influence on observer e.g. teammate or opponent
Emotions serve to communicate importance social information to other people
“emotion is not just a feeling. emotion is for influence”
Define interpersonsal emotion regulation.
a controlled process, whereby a person intentionally tries to change the way others feel
- used among group settings
What is considered in ‘affect improving’ in individaul ER?
- redirection of attention
- distraction
- cognitive reappraisal
- self-talk
- imagery
- goal setting
- relaxation
What is considered in ‘affect worsening” in individual ER?
- suppression
What is considered in ‘affect improving’ in interpersonal ER?
- humour
- distraction
- goal setting
- +ve appraisals
What is considered in ‘affect worsening’ in interpersonal ER?
- ignoring teammates
- using threats/punishments
- calling out athletes
What are examples of interpersonal emotion regulation?
- providing feedback
- cheering someone up
- regulate own emotions for sake of team (model emotions / make someone aware of emotions)
- prosocial behaviours (social support)
- nonverbal regulation (high-five, huddle, hug etc)
- reframing situation
- distracting someone from a situation
- setting goals to motivate
- humour
What are some interpersonal emotion regulation strategies?
Change…
Problem focused change (supportive conversation)
Person focused change (focus on +ve characteristics)
- acceptance
- humour
- attention
- distraction
- worship
very individual
