Week 5 Eyes and Ears

Question 1

Opthalmic Anti-infectives Pharmacodynamics

Answer 1

Bacteriostatic or bactericidal

Question 2

Ophthalmic Anti-infectives Phamacokinetics

Answer 2

•Generally penetrate only the
ocular fluid and tissues
•Minimal systemic absorption

Question 3

Ophthalmic Anti-infectives Precautions and Contraindications

Answer 3

Hypersensitivity

Question 4

Ophthalmic Anti-infectives ADR

Answer 4

Local infections

Superinfection with prolonged use

Question 5

Ophthalmic Anti-infectives ADR - Bacitracin

Answer 5

may caused blurred vision

Question 6

Ophthalmic Anti-infectives ADR - Sulfacetamide opthamic preperations

Answer 6

may cause a hypersensitivity reaction in
patients who have previously exhibited
sensitivity to sulfonamides

Question 7

Ophthalmic Anti-infectives ADR - Aminoglycosides

Answer 7

may cause localizeed ocular toxicity

Question 8

Ophthalmic Anti-infectives ADR - Fluoroquinolones

Answer 8

may cause a white christalline precipitate to form in the superficial portion of the cornea

Question 9

Sulfacetamide ophtamic preparations are incompatiable with

Answer 9

silver preperations

Question 10

Ophthalmic Anti-infectives: Patient

Education

Answer 10

Administration
Instruct on preventing contamination
Instruct on how to instill drops or ointment
• ADRs

Lifestyle management
Handwashing
No sharing of towels
Avoiding use of eye makeup.
Clearing purulent discharge with wet cotton ball or washcloth.

Question 11

Glaucoma

Answer 11

Gradual loss of peripheral vision
• Increased intraocular pressure
• Leading cause of preventable
blindness
• Treated by ophthalmologist

Question 12

Antiglaucoma Agents

Answer 12

Pharmacology
• Beta blockers, adrenergic agonists
• Miotics
• Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
• Sympathomimetics
• Prostaglandin agonist: latanoprost
(xalatan)
• Rho kinase inhibitor (metarsudil)

Question 13

Mast cell stabilizers - use

Answer 13

conjunctivitis

Question 14

mast cell stabilizes decrease

Answer 14

Limit hypersensitivity reactions
by inhibiting the degranulation of
sensitized mast cells.

Question 15

mast cell stabilizer examples

Answer 15

•iodoxamide (Alomide), cromolyn
sodium (Crolom)
•Vernal conjunctivitis

Question 16

Ocular anihistamines decrease what and are used to treat what

Answer 16

puritis

conjunctivitis

Question 17

Ocular antihistamines work by blocking

Answer 17

H1 receptors

Question 18

Ocular mast cell stabilizer and antihistamine side effects

Answer 18

Transient burning and stinging

Question 19

Ocular antihistamine examples

Answer 19

•levocabastine (Livostin),
antazoline (Vasocon-A,
Antazoline-V), ketotifen (Zaditor),
pheniramine (Naphcon-A),
emedastine (Emadine)
•Allergic conjunctivitis

Question 20

Ophthalmic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) work by inhibiting

Answer 20

prostaglandin biosynthesis

Question 21

Ophthalmic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) pharmacodynamics

Answer 21

• Analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities

* Exert an anti-inflammatory effect

Question 22

Ophthalmic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) examples

Answer 22

Flurbiprofen (Ocufen), suprofen (Profenal), diclofenac (Voltaren
ophthalmic solution), nepafenac (Nevanac), ketorolac (Acular)

Question 23

Corticosteroid ophthalmic agents have a

Answer 23

antiinfmalatory effect. Mechanism unknown.

Question 24

Corticosteroid ophthalmic agents can

Answer 24

increase intraocular pressure

Question 25

Ophthalmic Anti-inflammatory Drugs

Answer 25

Ophthalmic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and Corticosteroid ophthalmic agents

Question 26

Ophthalmic Anti-inflammatory Drugs precautions and contraindications

Answer 26

Referral to an ophthalmologist is warranted for patients who appear to need corticosteroid therapy.

Question 27

Ophthalmic Anti-inflammatory Drugs adr

Answer 27

Eye discomfort or tearing may occur | Ocular H1 histamine blockers may cause headache.

Question 28

Ocular Lubricants

Answer 28

tear like lubricants - artificial tears

Question 29

ocular lubricants pharmacodynamics

Answer 29

Maintain ocular tonicity, buffers, and preservatives

Question 30

Ocular lubricants clinical use and dosing

Answer 30

Dry eye • Irritation • Instilled 3 or 4 times/day

Question 31

Ophthalmic Vasoconstrictors used for

Answer 31

Relief of redness caused by minor eye irratants

Question 32

Ophthalmic Vasoconstrictors pharmacodynamics

Answer 32

sympathomimetic agents

Question 33

Ophthalmic Vasoconstrictors precautions and contraindications

Answer 33

hypersensitivity, narrow angle glaucoma

Question 34

Ophthalmic Vasoconstrictors ADR

Answer 34

Transient stinging and burning, temporary blurred vision, increased intraocular pressure (IOP), rebound congestion or redness developing with frequent or extended use

Question 35

Ophthalmic Vasoconstrictors Drug interactions

Answer 35

Oxymetazoline or tetrahydrozoline: no interactions • Naphazoline: tricyclic antidepressants, maprotiline • Monoamine oxidase inhibitors • Beta blockers

Question 36

Ophthalmic Vasoconstrictors clinical use

Answer 36

Relief of eye redness caused by irritation or allergic conjunctivitis • Tetrahydrozoline, oxymetazoline, naphazoline, and phenylephrine • Patient education: avoid prolonged or excessive use

Question 37

External otitis

Answer 37

Inflammation of the outer ear

Question 38

Otitis Media and treatment

Answer 38

Inflammation of the inner ear | • Systemic antibiotics – such as amoxicillin

Question 39

Mastoiditis and treatment

Answer 39

Inflammation of the mastoid sinus | • Aggressive antibiotic therapy

Question 40

Cerumen impaction treatment

Answer 40

Earwax softeners

Question 41

Otic Anti-infectives | Uses

Answer 41

Acute otitis externa (swimmer’s ear), chronic otitis externa, malignant OE, prevention of swimmer’s ear

Question 42

Otic Anti-infectives Pharmacodynamics

Answer 42

Combination products with corticosteroid and antibiotic Hydrocortisone reduces the inflammation caused by OE. Acid or alcohol drops

Question 43

Otitis externa

Answer 43

painful irritation of the external auditory canal

Question 44

Otic Anti-infectives Precautions and contraindications

Answer 44

Perforated tympanic membrane (TM) | May cause superinfection

Question 45

Acid or alcohol drops

Answer 45

decrease inflamation adn are also antifungal and antibacterial

Question 46

Malignant Otitis externa

Answer 46

rare, but leathal infection that invades surrounding tissues and can cause osteomyltis at the base of the skull and menigintis. Treated with antibiotics and surgical debredment.

Question 47

Prevent swimmers ear

Answer 47

alchohol

Question 48

Topical anesthetics Topical

Answer 48

used in the ear to treat pain | associated with otitis media.

Question 49

Otic Analgesics - Local Anesthetics

Answer 49

antipyrine and benzocaine (Aurpdex) -provide pain relief

Question 50

Cerumenolytics -

Answer 50

Carbamide peroxide (Debrox, Dent’s Ear Wax, Murine Ear Wax Removal) -softens and emulsifies the wax

Question 51

Otic Analgesics

Answer 51

make sure tympanic membrane is intact