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Bio 223 > week 5 spinal cord > Flashcards

week 5 spinal cord Flashcards

1
Q

pre synapitc cell

A

neuron

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2
Q

Ca+ influx triggers release of

A

neurotransmitter

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3
Q

What triggers the opening of the Ca+ channels?

A

Action Potential

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4
Q

How did ACh end up in the vesicles? And where is it released?

A

manufactured in the cell body and out through axon terminal. Axon cleft by exocytosis

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5
Q

What happens when ACh binds to its receptor?

A

Sodium inside the post synaptic cell

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6
Q

What is the function of the Na+/K+ pump?

A

requires ATP because its pushing Na+ through its against concentration gradient.

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7
Q

What is an Action Potential?

A

Reflecting a change of voltage across the cell membrane. If that voltage is high enough to reach the threshold (-60) will trigger action potential. It will open gates allowing sodium to enter. Action Potential can only go through 1 direction.

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8
Q

What is a neurotransmitter?

A

molecules

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9
Q

How does this differ from a hormone

A

Cell makes it, hormones are released across blood. Nervous system much more rapid

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10
Q

What is a synapse

A

cell communication, between pre synaptic cell and post synaptic

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11
Q

What is a cholingergic synapse?

A

Acetocolin is the only one being released.

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12
Q

T/F All NMJs are Cholinergic Synapse

A

True

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13
Q

T/F All neuron to neuron synapses in the CNS and PNS are also Cholinergic

A

False. Most important in PNS.

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14
Q

Which enzyme breaks down ACh?

A

ACh E

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15
Q

What happens to the breakdown products of ACh E

A

Part of it goes back into axon terminal to be recycled

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16
Q

Events at the Cholingeric Synapse

A

Voltage gated calcium opens, AP arrives at the Axon Terminal, calcium will tell vesicles to release endocytosis. Ca+ enters, ACh released diffused across synaptic cleft. Neurotransmitter binds target, sodium channels open in post synaptic membrane. ACh E enzyme break down

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17
Q

Norepinephrine (NE)

A

released at Adrenergic Synapse in Brain, ANS

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18
Q

Dopamine

A

In CNS, excitatory, or inhibitory (hyperpolarize)

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19
Q

Serotonin

A

In CNS, sleep/wake and mood

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20
Q

Gamma Aminobutyric acid (GABA)

A

in CNS, inhibitory

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21
Q

Neuromodulators

A

alter rate of NT release of pre synaptic neuron OR alter response to NT post synaptic (does not have to be neuron)

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22
Q

Opioids

A

pain relief, euphoria:

  1. Endorphins
  2. Enkephalins
  3. Endomorphins
  4. Dynorphins
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23
Q

g protein

A

enzyme complex, binds GTP (highly energy)

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24
Q

Net effect (at Axon Hillock)

A

integrates and determines response for information processign

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25
Graded potential that develop in a postsynaptic cell
in response to neurotransmitters
26
Two types of Postsynaptic potentials
excitatory postsynaptic potential and inhibitory postsynaptic potential
27
Excitatory Postsynaptic potential EPSP
graded depolarization of postsynaptic membrane
28
Inhibitory Postsynaptic Pontential IPSP
graded hyperpolarization of postsynaptic membrane
29
Temporal summation
stimuli arrive at a single synapse in rapid succession (multiple times)
30
Spatial summation
stimuli arrive at multiple synapses simultaneously (multiple locations)
31
Longer time above threshold =
more APs generated
32
refractory period
time neuron is resting
33
epaxial muscles: erector spinae (dorsal) & list muscles included
extension: illiocostalis, longissimus, spinalis
34
Hypaxial muscles: rectus and obliques. & list muscles included
flex: external and internal oblique muscles, transverses abdominis, rectus abdominis.
35
Synergist
works to assist another muscle, carrying out same action
36
Antagonist
works to oppose another muscle, usually located on opposite side of a structure
37
End of spinal cord
conus medullaris
38
Last nerve of the spinal cord
cauda equina
39
portion of menages that are protecting spinal cord
filum Terminale
40
Ventral root
contains axons and motor neurons | To: somatic and visceral effectors
41
Dorsal Root
contains axons of sensory neurons | To: the spinal cord
42
Dorsal root ganglia
contain cell bodies of unipolar sensory neurons
43
Intervertebral formina
where dorsal and ventral roots exit spinal cord
44
afferent fibers
towards spinal cord
45
efferent fibers
going away spinal cord
46
Spinal Meninges: 3 maters
Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater.
47
Dura Mater
tough outer layer
48
arachnoid mater
mid layer
49
pia mater
inner layer
50
epidural space
between dura mater and vertebral canal
51
subdural space
potential space, between dura and arachnoid mater
52
subarachnoid space
between arachnoid and pia mater | vascular
53
CSF
cerebrospinal fluid, protective cushion
54
Denticulate ligaments
each side of spinal extends from pia to dura mater
55
gray matter
surround central canal, neuronal cell bodies, neuroglia and unmyelinated axons. Gray Horns
56
white matter
superficial, myelinated and unmyelinated axons.
57
Posterior gray horns
sensory nuclei, somatic and visceral
58
Anterior Gray horns
motor nuclei, somatic
59
gray commissures
axons cross from one side of spinal cord to other
60
nuclei
masses of gray matter in CNS
61
Sensory Nuclei
posterior (dorsal) | receive and relay info from peripheral receptors
62
Motor Nuclei
Anterior (ventral) | Send Motor commands to peripheral effectors
63
Sensory info ascends tract to
brain
64
motor info descends tracts to
spinal cord
65
3 connective tissue layers of spinal nerves
epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium.
66
Epineurium spinal nerve
outer layer | dense network of collagen fibers
67
Perineurium
middle layer | divides nerve into fascicles (axon bundles)
68
endoneurium
inner layer | surrounds individual axons
69
Dorsal ramus
motor nerves: | contains both somatic and visceral fibers so info from skin and skeletal muscles.
70
ventral ramus
larger branch, info from structures and limbs
71
white ramus
myelianted nerves, carries visceral motor fibers to sympathetic ganglion
72
gray ramus
unmyelianted nerves, return from sympathetic ganglion
73
each pair of spinal nerves supplies its own
dermatome
74
plexus
interwoven network of nerves
75
dorsal division muscles are
extensors
76
ventral division muscles are
flexors
77
how many segments in upper and lower limbs
6 at each
78
4 major plexuses
cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral
79
phrenic nerve
controls diaphragm
80
cervical plexuses controls
face structures, neck
81
brachial plexuses controls
upper limbs
82
lumbar plexuses controls
lower limbs
83
of neurons ranging from most to least
interneurons, sensory, motor
84
patterns of neural circuits: divergence
stimulation to many neurons or neural pools
85
patterns of neural circuits: convergence
input from many sources to a single neuron
86
patterns of neural circuits: serial processing
moves information in single line
87
patterns of neural circuits: parallel processing
same information along several paths simultaneously
88
polysynaptic withdrawal relex
touching a hot stove and letting go before knowing its hot because hot AF
89
SNS of PNS
direct control of skeletal muscle
90
ANS of PNS
operates without conscious
91
preganglionic neurons are
visceral motor neurons in CNS | extends to ganglia in PNS
92
postganglionic neurons are
visceral motor neurons in PNS, | extends to target to target
93
division of the ANS
sympathetic division and parasympathetic division
94
Sympathetic division
fight or flight | increased alertness, heart and respiratory rate and blood pressure
95
parasympathetic division
rest and digest | decreased metabolism, heart and respiratory rate
96
sympathetic chain ganglia
controls effectors in body wall, thoracic cavity, head and limbs
97
collateral ganglia
tissues and organs in abdominopelvic cavity
98
neurotransmitters are released at
synapse
99
adrenal medulla
releases NT into blood
100
postganglionic sympathetic fibers
unmyelinated axons
101
Spinal nerves provide
somatic motor innervation and distribution of sympathetic postganglionic fibers
102
sympathetic activation
alter activity of tissue/organs, release of NE (synaptic) and E (hormonal)
103
most sympathetic postganglionic fibers are adrenergic but few are
cholinergic
104
parasympathetic division
preganglionic neurons in brain stem and sacral segments of spinal cord
105
ganglionic neurons: terminal
near organ; often paired
106
ganglionic neurons: intramural
embedded in organ
107
ganglionic neurons: postganglionic
fibers extend to target
108
vague nerve (CN X)
75% parasympathetic outflow
109
parasympathetic distribution goes through
ganglion, and innervates only specific visceral structures
110
anabolic parasympathetic activation
increasing/building
111
sympathetic division
widespread impact, reaches organs and tissues, | can also go to bloodstream
112
sympathetic and parasympathetic division
most vital organs receive insertions from both
113
autonomic plexuses
front body (cardiac, pulmonary, thoracic, esophageal)
114
Parasympathetic division with heart
slows heart rate
115
sympathetic division with heart
accelerates heart rate
116
visceral reflexes
provides automatic motor responses | provides digestive functions
117
visceral reflex arc
processign center for one or more interneurons

Bio 223 (10 decks)

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