week 6 muscular system Flashcards
1
Q
dorsal root and ventral root will form together to form
A
spinal nerves
2
Q
How many cranial nerves and how are they separated
A
12 pairs
CN I olfactory
CN II optic
CN III-XII arise from brainstem
3
Q
parasympathetic nerve forms plexus with
A
sympathetic fibers
4
Q
White rami communicantes
A
preganglionic fibers, myelianted, leave at thoracolumbar segments of spinal cord
5
Q
gray rami communicantes
A
some postganglionic fibers, unmyelinated; leave ganglia to spinal nerves
6
Q
Gray Vs White matter
A
in spinal cord gray surrounded by white
in brain white surrounded by gray
7
Q
splanchnic vs somatic mesoderm
A
splanchnic is visceral and somatic is limbs
8
Q
Dorsal primary ramus
A
(epimere) myoblasts form extensors muscles of vertebral column
9
Q
ventral primary ramus
A
(hypomere) myoblasts form flexor muscles (obliques, abdominis)
10
Q
patterns of muscle and skeletal formation in the limbs is regulated by
A
connective tissue
11
Q
how many somites/spinal segments
A
40 somites, with 6 segments for upper limbs and 6 for lower limbs
12
Q
ventral primary rami
A
from each segment enter mesenchyme, branch to form large dorsal and ventral nerves
13
Q
spinal nerves differentiation and motor innervation
A
for limb muscles and sensory innervation for dermatomes
14
Q
Afferent
A
PNS incoming, sensory
15
Q
efferent
A
PNS outgoing, motor
16
Q
what triggers action potential
A
sodium
17
Q
graded potential vs fuse
A
fuses only move in one direction, graded potential move in all directions
18
Q
Whats in the dorsal root ganglion
A
sensory cell bodies
19
Q
whats in the anterior gray horn
A
motor cell bodies
20
Q
sensory cell bodies enter through a
A
dorsal root
21
Q
motor cell bodies exit through a
A
ventral root
22
Q
Nerves vs tracts
A
nerves are in PNS
tracts are bundles of axons in CNS
23
Q
spinothalmic pathway
A
crude touch, pressure, pair, temperature
24
Q
posterior column pathway
A
fine touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception
25
spinocerebellar pathway
proprioception (below awareness), anterior tracts and posterior tracts
26
corticospinal pathway
axons from motor cortex of cerebrum to brain stem or spinal cord, conscious, many cross, synapse on lower motor neuron.
27
medial and lateral pathways
gross movement of trunk/proximal limb (medial), fine movement of distal limb (lateral)
28
monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflexes provide
rapid involuntary stereotyped responses that maintain homeostasis
29
Classification of reflexes
development (innate or acquired), type of motor response (visceral, somatic), complexity of neural circuit (monosynaptic or polysynaptic), site of information processing (spinal or cranial)
30
Innate reflexes
based on genetics, formed at birth
31
acquired reflexes
rapid, automatic, learned motor patterns
32
somatic reflexes
immediate (involuntary)
33
visceral reflexes
autonomic reflexes (control of systems other than muscular)
34
monosynaptic reflex
simple relex arc
35
polysynaptic reflex
at least one interneuron between sensory and motor neuron
36
Neuronal pools
functions groups of interconnected neurons
37
divergence
stimulation to many neurons or neuronal pools in CNS
38
convergence
input from many sources to single neuron
39
serial processing
moves information in single line
40
parallel processing
same information along several paths simultaneously
41
reverberation
positive feedback mechanism, functions until inhibited
42
reflex
automatic response to a stimulus
43
spinal reflexes
automatic responses coordinated within spinal cord, through interconnected sensory neurons, motor and interneurons.
44
reflex arc
the wiring of a single reflex, beginning at receptor and ending at peripheral effector
45
5 steps in a simple neural reflex
1. stimulus activates receptor
2. activation of sensory neurons
3. information processing by postsynaptic cell
4. activation of motor neuron
5. response of peripheral effector
46
contralateral reflex arc
motor response occurs on the side opposite to the stimulus; here crossed extensor reflex complements flexor reflex....occur simultaneously using reverberating circuits and positive feedback (leg shifts to one weight)
47
Cerebellum
coordinates motor patterns
48
hypothalamus
autonomic centers (heart rate)
49
thalamus
processing center
50
cerebrum w/ superficial cortex
conscious thought
51
3 types of muscle
cardiac, smooth, skeletal
52
3 layers of muscle connective tissue
epimysium, perimysium, endomysium
53
muscles have extensive vascular system that
supply large amounts of oxygen, supply nutrients, remove metabolic waste
54
bundles of fiber
tendon
55
sheet of fibers
aponeurosis
56
satellite cells
stem cells
57
sarcolemma
cell membrane of muscle fiber
58
sarcoplasm
cytoplasm of muscle fiber
59
myofibrils
a lot of these, responsible for muscle contraction and then separated into myofilaments
60
myofilaments
thin (myotin) and thick (myosin)
61
sacroplasmic recticulum
network sorrounded each myofibril
62
calcium release ____ and triggers _____
neurotransmitters; muscle contractions
63
sacromeres
smallest functional unit of muscle fiber
64
A bands
Dark bands
65
I bands
light bands
66
Actin
thin/light
67
myosin
thick/dark
68
T Tubules release calcium so
position is important so that all myofilaments get calcium
69
A band
overlapping thick and thin myofilaments
70
Myosin is in the center of
sacromere
71
H band
region of thick myofilaments only
72
Z lines
boundary between sacromeres
73
Actinin
protein that helps interconnect thin myofilments of adjacent sacromeres
74
Titin
elastic protein; helps keep thick and thin myofilaments properly aligned and prevents overstretching of muscle fiber
75
Sliding filament theory
thin myofilaments slide toward the center of the sarcomere, shortening it
76
resting membrane potential of skeletal muscle cell
-85 mV
77
neuron and skeletal muscle fibers are
excitable
78
voltage gated
channels allow the AP to start in the neuron and release ACh (Na+ is one of them)
79
chemical gated
channels allow the AP to start in the muscle (chemical because ACh, the neurotransmitter is the chemical that binds to the channel to open it).
80
Threshold, depolarization and hyper polarization for muscle fibers
-55 threshold
-85 depolarization
beyond -95 hyperpolarization
81
synaptic cleft
narrow space that separates the axon terminal of the neuron from the opposing motor end plate
82
AChE
breaks down ACh
83
muscle cell has ____ inside instead of outside like a neuron
calcium
84
Ca++ binds to ____ allowing a change in a position
troponin; results in the exposure of the active sites on the thin filaments.
85
resting sacromere
zone of overlap isn't fully overlapping to m line
86
contracting sacromere
zone of overlap nearly reaches m line
87
Origins and insertions
muscles have one fixed point of attachment (origin)
| and one moving point of attachment (insertion)
88
Agonist
prime mover
89
Sympathetic
fight or flight, synapse at distance from target, uses NE chemicals, decrease gut activity, increase heart and respiratory rates; affect blood flow and pressure. dilates vessels serving as skeletal muscles. constrict vessel serving as internal organs
90
parasympathetic
rest and digest. synapse at or near target. uses ACh chemical. increase gut activity, decreases heart and respiratory rates. affect blood flow and pressure. constrict vessels serving skeletal muscles and dilate vessels serving internal organs
91
quadratus lumborum is a
flexor of the vertebral column
92
Levator Ani made up of two muscles
Pubococcygeus and Iliococcygeus
93
external anal sphincter is innervated by
hemorrhoidal branch of pudendal nerve
94
coccygeus is innervated by
inferior sacral nerves
95
Urogenital triangle is innervated by the
perineal branch of the pudendal nerve
96
Pectoral girdle
indirect bony connection to vertebral column.
97
caudal doral
extensors (deltoid, glutei, wrist, ankle)
98
caudal ventral
flexors (brachii, hamstrings, wrist, ankle)
99
cranial dorsal
triceps and quadriceps
100
cranial ventral
pectorals and adductors
101
Scapula muscles Posterior
bicep brachii, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, trapezius, teres minor, teres major, rhomboideus minor, rhomboideus major
102
Scapula muscles Anterior
triceps brachii, pectoralis minor, bicep brachii,
103
Humerus muscle Anterior
pectorals major, deltoideus, supraspinatus, latissimus doors, teres major and brachialis.
104
Humerus muscle posterior
teres minor, lateral and medial head of triceps brachii, anconeus,
105
radius and ulna muscle anterior
brachialis, biceps brachii, interosseous membrane, supinator, pronator quadratus,
106
radius and ulna posterior muscle
anconeus, supinator
107
Os Coxa
gluetus maximus, medius and minimus, at top: internal and external oblique, rectus abdominis, adductor: longs, brevis, magnus. Latissimus doors, pectinous, gracilis.
108
Os Coxa medial view
(inside) iliacus
109
Femur anterior view
gluteus minimus, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius,
110
femur posterior view
gluteus medius, posts major, iliacus, gluteus maximus, adductor: brevis, magnus, and longs.
111
tibia and fibula posterior view
semimembranosus, soleus
112
tibia and fibula anterior view
sartorius, peroneus longus, peroneus brevis
113
trapezius
modified, originally visceral now somatic
114
trapezius function
movement of scapula and support of head
115
origin of trapezius
occipital bone, spinous processes of vertebra prominent and thoracic vertebrae
116
scapular action: protraction and retraction
shoulders shifting to side
117
scapular action: depression and elevation
depression goes down, elevation goes up
118
scapular action: downward and upward
shoulder up, shoulder down
119
Serratus Anterior action
rotation of scapula, protraction of shoulder
120
Serratus anterior origin
ribs 1-9
121
Serratus anterior insertion
scapula
122
Levator Scapulae action
elevates and retracts scapulae, depress glenoid
123
Rhomboids action
adduction, retract and rotate scapulae, depress glenoid
124
rhomboids innervation
dorsal scapular nerve
125
Latissimus Dorsi action
extension, adduction and medial rotation of shoulder opposed by pectoralis
126
Latissimus Dorsi insertion
humerus
127
Pectoralis group spans two regions
cranial ventral and caudal ventral quadrants
128
Pectoralis action
flexion, adduction, and medial rotation at shoulder
129
Pectoralis Minor is ____ of pectorals major
deep
130
Pectoralis minor action
depress and protact shoulder, rotation of scapula and stabilizes joint
131
pectoralis insertion
coracoid process of scapula
132
Teres Major action
extension, adduction, and medial rotation at shoulders
133
Teres Minor action
lateral rotation of shoulder
134
Teres minor innervation
axilary nerve cranial dorsal
135
Subscapularis action
medial rotation at shoulder
136
Deltoideus action
abduction at shoulder, flexion and medial rotation, extension and lateral rotation
137
supraspinatus action
abduction at shoulder
138
muscles of the rotator cuff
supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, teres minor
139
Triceps brachii action
extension at elbow, adduction at shoulder
140
biceps brachii action
flexion at elbow, supination
