week 2/3 Bones Flashcards
1
Q
5 primary functions of the skeletal system
A
support, storage of minerals, blood cell production, protection, and leverage
2
Q
Sutural bones
A
are small, flat, oddly, shaped bones of the skull, they range in size from a grain of sand to a quarter. Their borders are like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle.
3
Q
irregular bones
A
complex shapes with short, flat, notched or ridged surfaces; ex: The vertebrae that form the spinal column, bones of the pelvis.
4
Q
short bones
A
boxlike in appearance. ex: carpals in the wrists.
5
Q
flat bones
A
thin, parallel surfaces; form at the roof of the skull, the sternum and shoulder blades. They provide protection for underlying soft tissues and offer an extensive surface area for the attachment of skeletal muscle.
6
Q
long bones
A
are relatively long and slender. They are located in the arms and things and legs, fingers and toes.
7
Q
Sesamoid bones
A
usually small, round and flat; they develop inside tendons and are most often encountered near joints at the knee, the hands and feet (sesamoid patella).
8
Q
cortical bone
A
compact bone, dense, solid
9
Q
cancellous bone
A
spongy bone,
10
Q
diaphysis of long bone
A
body of it
11
Q
epiphysis of long bone
A
ends of the bone, located on both ends of it
12
Q
metaphysics of long bone
A
connects diaphysis to epiphysis
13
Q
medullary cavity of long bone
A
connects diaphysis to epiphysis
14
Q
flat bone looks like
A
a spongy bone sandwich
15
Q
diploe
A
the layer of spongy bone between two layers of compact bone
16
Q
bone is an
A
organ
17
Q
osseous tissue
A
dense, supportive connectibe tissue; contains specialized cells which produce collagen fibers and extracellular matrix which surrounds the fibers and becomes stiffened with minerals.
18
Q
NCPs
A
role in regulating binding of collagen/mineral
19
Q
Collagen
A
most abundant protein.
20
Q
Bone mineralizes
A
collagen
21
Q
Mineral
A
strength and resistance of bone
22
Q
Osteoblasts
A
bone formation
23
Q
osteocytes
A
bone maintenance
24
Q
osteoclast
A
bone resorption
25
canaliculi
cell to cell communication/response single. Network connecting all cells of osteoblast lineage
26
early bone
bony exoskeleton
27
later bone
bony endoskeleton
28
Perichondrium
convers outer surfaces of cartilage
29
periosteum
covers outer surfaces of bones
30
Hydroxyapatite
Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2
31
T/F Osteocytes cells undergo cell division
F. they do not divide
32
Osteoid
ECM produced by osteoblast, but has not yet become calcified to form bone.
33
Mesenchymal stem cells that divide produce
osteoblasts
34
Homeostasis in bone
bone formation and resorption must balance.
35
Osteons
basic unit of osseous tissue (looks like a circle with circles within)
36
Perforating canals (volkmann's canals)
carry blood vessels into bone and marrow
37
Circumferential lamellae
wrapped around the long bone
38
interstitial lamellae
between osteons
39
Trabeculae
have no blood vessels
40
red Bone marrow
has extensive blood vessels and forms red blood cells also supplies nutrients to osteocytes
41
yellow bone marrow
stores fat (energy, utilizes in starvation)
42
Tension
pulling
43
Compression
pushing
44
Collagen fibers give bone
flexibility
45
Modeling
occurs during development and growth
46
Remolding
occurs before and after growth is complete
47
decrease in thickness, but not too thin bone is
strong
48
is bone vascular? is cartilage?
bone is vascular, cartilage is kinda avascular
49
Grown in length of long bones
due to growth of cartilage the epiphyseal plate of bone; growth ceases at maturity as activity of chondroblasts decreases and ossification closes the epiphyseal plate.
50
Appositional growth
compact bone thickens and strengthens long bone with layers of circumferential lamellae which are deposited on the eternal surfaces of bone (under the periosteum)
51
Endosteum
surrounds medullary canal
52
osteogensis
process of bone formation via ossification
53
calcification
process of accumulation of calcium and deposition of calcium salts
54
two types of ossification and what do they use
endochondral ossification uses cartilage. Intramembranous ossification uses direct meschymal cells
55
Appositional growth
compact bone thickens and strengthens long bone with layers of circumferential lamellae which are deposited on the external surfaces of bone
56
Parathyroid hormone
increases calcium level
57
Calcitonin
decreases calcium level
58
Fractures are repaired in four steps:
bleeding, cells of the endosteum and periosteum, osteoblast activity, and osteoblasts and osteocytes remodel the fracture for up to a year
59
External callus
cartilage and bone surrounds break
60
internal callus
develops in medullary cavity
61
articulation
body movement occurs at joints aka where two bones connect
62
synarthrosis
immovable joint
63
Ampiarthrosis
slightly movable joint
64
Diarthrosis
freely movable join
65
Synchondrosis
is a rigid cartilaginous bridge between two bones
66
nucleus pulposus
remnant of notochord
67
Axis skeleton
forms the longitundinal axis of the body: the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage
68
Vertebral column
24 vertebrae+ sacrum + coccyx
69
Thoracic cage
sternum + 24 ribs (12 pair)
70
Axial Skeleton function
support and protection
71
Occipital bone articulates with
the vertebral column via the atlas
72
Occipital condyles articulate with the first
cervical vertebra (the atlas) of the neck
73
Inferior and superior nuchal lines:
attachment sites for muscles and ligaments that stabilize the articulation between the occipital bone and the atlas
74
How many bones does the vertebral column have
26: 24 vertebrae, sacrum and the coccyx
75
Spine regions plus how many vertebrae does each have
cervical: 7 vertebrae, thoracic 12 vertebrae, lumbar 5 vertebrae, then sacral and coccyx
76
T or F each vertebrae articulates with one or more pair of ribs
T for thoracic region
77
Atlas C1
supports the weight of head for nodding movement of skull and articulates with C2
78
Axis C2
supports the atlas, and attaches muscles of the head and neck.
79
C7
marks transition to thoracic vertebrae includes ligament nuchae (elastic ligament) extends from c7 to skull
80
Thoracic vertebrae
largest section. Articulates with heads of ribs at costal facets
81
t1-t8
articulates with two pairs of ribs at superior and inferior costal facets
82
t9-t11
articulate with one pair of ribs
83
t10-t12
transition to lumbar vertebrae
84
Lumbar vertebrae
thickest vertebras. no costal or transverse costal facets.
85
cervical vertebrae has a ____ look
wishbone
86
thoracic vertebrae has a ______ look
crown
87
Sacrum articulation with
L5, pelvic girdle, and axial skeleton to appendicular skeleton
88
coccyx
attaches ligaments and muscle
89
Rib cage vs thoracic cage
thoracic cage is the skeleton of the chest and rib cage is only ribs and sternum
90
true rbis
1-7. direct connection to sternum by costal cartilages
91
false ribs
8-12. Do not attach directly to sternum. But 8-10 are indirect connection to sternum because they merge with rib 7.
92
Ribs 11-12
floating ribs bc no connection to sternum
93
sternum 3 parts:
manubrium, body, and xiphoid process
94
Appendicular skeleton
pectoral girdles, upper limbs, lower limbs and pelvic girdle. Allows movement
95
Pectoral girdle
clavicle and scaulae. Connects to upper limbs.
96
Bony connection axial skelton to appendicular skeleton occurs at the
manubrium
97
Clavicles
originates at the manubrium and articulates with the scapulae
98
Manubrium
articulates just lateral to jugular notch
99
Scaulae (paired)(shoulder blades)
articulates with acromion of scapula, clavicle and humerus at gleaned cavity
100
Coal bone 3 bone fusion
llium, ischium, and pubis
101
llium articulates with
sacrum
102
coxal bones articulate with
sacrum and femur (at the lunate surface of the acetabulum)
103
Pelvis consists of
two coal bones, scrum, and coccyx
104
Lower limbs:
femur, patella, tibia and fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges
105
3 planes of movement
monoaxial (single plane), biaxial (motion in two planes), triaxial (ball and socket joints)
106
Articular cartilages
during bone development of a long bone, a thin rim of cartilage from the original model remains
107
Synovial fluid functions
lubrication, nutrient distribution and shock absorption.
108
Shoulder muscles and associated tendons
SITS
109
arm bone
humerus
110
forearm
radius and ulna
111
Trochlea surface
medial surface of condyle, articulates with ulna.
112
capitulum surface
lateral surface of condyle, articulates with radius.
113
Trochlear notch
articulates with trochlea of humerus
114
interosseous membrane
tough band of connective tissue
115
styloid process attaches to
articular disc between forearm and wrist
116
ulnar notch articulates with
ulna and with bones of wrist
117
the 4 proximal carpal bones
scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform
118
the 4 distal carpal bones
trapezium, trapezoid, capitate(largest), hamate(has a hook)
119
Metacarpal bones
five long bones of the hand, articulates with proximal phalanges
120
phalanges
14 total bones. Proximal, middle and distal
121
tarsals of lower limbs
ankle
122
metatarsals of lower limbs
foot
123
phalanges of lower limbs
toes
124
femoral head articulates with
pelvis at acetabulum at forvea capitis
125
Patella articulates
with facets with medial and lateral condyles of the femur
126
Proximal epiphysis articulates with
medial and lateral condyles of femur
127
T/F the fibula does not articulate with femur
T
128
Transverse arch
formed by a difference in curvature between medial and lateral border of foot
129
gliding joint
flexion and rotation; limited movement
130
elbow joint is composed of:
humerus, radius and ulna
131
Articulations of knee joint
with tibia at medial and lateral condyles of each bone AND patellar surface of femur
132
Rheumatoid arthritis
inflammatory condition
133
The articular processes of vertebrae form gliding joints with those of
adjacent vertebrae
134
the bodies form symphyseal joints that are separated and cushioned by
intervertebral discs
135
Intervertebral discs contain
anulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus
136
______ cover the superior and inferior surfaces of the disc
vertebral end plates
137
hinge joints
monaxial joints that permit only angular movement in one plane
138
Pivot joint
monaxial joints that permit only rotation
139
condylar joint
are biaxial joints with an oval articular face that nestles within a depression of opposing articular surface
140
saddle joints
biaxial joints with articular faces that are concave on one axis and convex on the other
