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Bio 223 > week 4 (intro to neurons) > Flashcards

week 4 (intro to neurons) Flashcards

1
Q

Epicure gives rise to

A

dorsal musculature

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2
Q

Epaxial musculature

A

extensor muscles of vertebral column

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3
Q

Hyperemia gives rise to

A

ventral musculature

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4
Q

Hypaxial musculature

A

flexor muscle of anterior body wall

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5
Q

superficial group of epaxial musculature:

A

spinalis, longissimus, and Iliocostalis

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6
Q

hypaxial musculature

A

oblique muscles of body wall- compress abdomen, and rectus muscles of body wall- flex vertebral column

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7
Q

neuroglia

A

support for neurons

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8
Q

division of nervous system

A

central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.

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9
Q

PNS division

A

afferent and efferent division

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10
Q

afferent division

A

carries sensory information from PNS sensory receptors to CNS

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11
Q

Efferent division

A

carries motor commands from cns to pns muscles and glands

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12
Q

Receptors of afferent division

A

detect changes or respond to stimuli, complex sensory organs (eyes and ears)

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13
Q

effectors of afferent division

A

respond to efferent signals, cells and organs

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14
Q

somantic nervous system

A

controls voluntary and involuntary reflexes skeletal muscle contractions.

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15
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

controls subconscious actions, contraction of smooth muscle nd cardiac muscle and glandular secretion.

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16
Q

parasympathetic division

A

relaxing effect

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17
Q

cytoplasm of cell body

A

perikaryon

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18
Q

Nucleolus production

A

RNA

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19
Q

dendrites

A

highly branched and receive information from other neurons

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20
Q

axon

A

carries electrical signal (action potential) to target

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21
Q

Axoplasm

A

cytoplasm of axon

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22
Q

Axolemma

A

specialized cell membrane

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23
Q

Collaterals

A

branches of a single axon

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24
Q

Telodendria

A

fine extensions of distal axon

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25
Axon terminals aka synaptic terminals
tips of telodendria. communication with other cells
26
Neuromuscular junction
synapse between neuron and muscle
27
Neuroglandular junction
synapse between neuron and gland
28
endomembrane system
holds and stores product until release
29
Presynaptic cell
neuron that sends message
30
Postsynaptic cell
cell that receives message
31
synaptic cleft
small gap that separates the cell membrane of the presynaptic cell and that of the postsynaptic cell
32
Multipolar neurons
common in CNS (includes all skeletal muscle motor neurons)
33
Visceral sensory Neurons
monitor internal environment
34
Somatic sensory neurons
monitor effects of external environment
35
Ganglioin
nerve center
36
Introceptors
monitor internal systems
37
Exteroceptors
external senses
38
Proprioceptors
monitor position and movement (skeletal muscles and joints)
39
Preganglionic fibers
CNS to ganglion
40
Postganlionic fibers
ganglion to the effectors
41
Interneurons
between sensory and motor neurons, responsible for distribution of sensory information and coordination of motor activity
42
SAME
``` S is for sensory A is for afferent M is for Motor E is for Efferent afferent(in) brings to and efferent(effro-out) brings out ```
43
White matter
regions of CNS with many myelinated nerves
44
Grey matter
unmyelianted areas of CNS
45
PNS
soma in ganglia
46
Schwann cells
wrapped around an axon forming a myelin sheath
47
action potential
electrical impulse produced by graded potential
48
Synaptic activity
Neurotransmitter release at presynaptic membrane
49
electrical gradients
separate charges of positive and negative ions
50
electrochemical gradients
can oppose or reinforce chemical gradient
51
Assoicate Negative with
iNside
52
Associate pOsitive with
Outside
53
Resting membrane potential
-70mV
54
chemically gated channels
open or close when bind specific chemicals at a binding site
55
Voltage gated channels
respond to changes in membrane potential
56
excitable membrane
a membrane that can generate and propagate an action potential
57
Mechanically gated channels
respond to physical distortion of membrane , important in sensory receptors
58
Graded Potential
any stimulus that can open a gated channel
59
depolarization occurs when
membrane potential moving from -70m | v toward a less negative value.
60
The stronger the stimulus the greater the
change in the membrane potential and the larger the area affected.
61
Repolarization
when stimulus is removed, membrane potential returns to normal
62
Hyperpolarization
increasing the negativity of the resting potential resulting of opening of a potassium channel. Positive ions move out cell.
63
Action potential
a graded depolarization large enough to change resting membrane potential to threshold level of voltage gated sodium channels
64
All-or-none principle
Once it reaches threshold it will happen
65
Four steps in generation of action potential
1. depolarization to threshold 2. Activation of Na+ channels 3. Inactivation of Na+ channels and activation of K+ channels 4. Return to normal permeability
66
Refractory Period
From beginning of action potential to return to resting site
67
Absolute Refractory Period
sodium channels open or inactivated. No action potential possible
68
Relative Refractory Period
Membrane potential almost normal, very large stimulus can initiate action potential
69
Propagation
action potentials generate in axon hillock and moves along entire length of axon
70
Two methods of propagating action potentials
Continuous propagation and Saltatory Propagation
71
Continuous Propagation
unmyelinated axons | 1 segment of axon at a time
72
Saltatory progation
myelinated axons faster and uses less energy. current jumps from node t node
73
Type A fibers
myelinated, large diameter, high speeds. | 140 m/sec
74
Type B fibers
Myelinated, medium diameter, medium speed | 18 m/sec
75
Type C Fibers
unmyelinated, small diameter, slow speed. | 1 m/sec
76
Electrical synapses
direct physical contact between cells, locked together at gap junction.
77
Chemical synapses
signal transmitted across a gap by chemical neurotransmitters

Bio 223 (10 decks)

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