Lecture 14-15 Flashcards
1
Q
Skelton outer is considered
A
somatic; and associated w/ somatopleure
2
Q
Skelton inner is considered
A
visceral; and associated w/ splanchnopleure
3
Q
Mesenchyme
A
embryonic connective tissue
4
Q
Chondrocranium (1st division)
A
base of skull; cradles brain. (endochondral formation)
mesoderm
5
Q
caudal to notochord:
A
post-chordal cartilages are derived from Paraxial Mesoderm
6
Q
Endochondral Ossification
A
using a cartilage model
7
Q
Intramembranous
A
does not need a cartilage model
8
Q
Dermatocranium
A
membranous, flat bones, intramembranous ossification
Flat bones of roof (dermal bone)
(Germ Layer: neural crest)
9
Q
Splanchocranium
A
aka visceraocranium, contribute to facial bones: maxillae, mandible, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, zygomatic
derived from visceral arches (endochondral formation)
(germ layer: neural crest)
10
Q
Visceral Skeleton
A
support from pharyngeal arches
11
Q
How many somitomeres
A
7
12
Q
Neuroectoderm gives rise to
A
vertebrate structures
13
Q
Occipital somites contribute to
A
head: bone and muscle
14
Q
Mandibular Arch gives rise to
A
mandible
15
Q
Where are somitomeres located and where are somites located
A
somitomeres: head region; somites: trunk
16
Q
Any visceral arises from
A
neural crest
17
Q
Mandibular Arch
A
branchial arch I
18
Q
Hyoid Arch
A
Branchial Arch II
19
Q
Branchial Cartilages develop in
A
Pharynx and gives rise to splanchnocranium
20
Q
manidbular arch contributed to development of
A
manidble, incus and malleus
21
Q
Hyoid arch contributed to development of
A
hyoid, styloid process and laryngeal cartilages
22
Q
Bones of the cranial roof appear as
A
intramembranous ossification which occurs in dermis
23
Q
Facial bones protect and support the entrances to the
A
digestive and respiratory tracts
24
Q
cranial bones______
A
surround and protect the brain
25
Ethnoid bone is the pathway for ____
olfactory nerve
26
styloid process is derived from
visceral skeleton
27
Sphenoid bone is the pathway for_____
optic canal, foramen rotundum, foramen lacerum, foramen ovale, foramen spinosum
28
Temporal bone is the pathway for____
carotid canal and internal acoustic meatus
29
Occipital bone is the pathway for_____
foramen magnum, hypoglossal canal and jugular foramen
30
Dermal bones
Maxillae, zygomatic bones, lacrimal bones
| all intramembranous ossification, neural crest cell origin
31
Zygomatic arch is made up of
zygomatic process of temporal bone and zygomatic process of zygomatic bone
32
auditory ossicles are considered
splanchnocranium
33
nasal bones make up
nasal complex
| NOT orbital
34
Pituitary Gland Anterior lobe
synthesizes hormones which are released under the direction of the hypothalamus
35
Pituitary Gland Posterior lobe
releases hormones which are synthesized by the hypothalamus
36
Branchial Skeleton
origin in early photo-vertebrates, supports pharynx,, series of skeletal elements= 'arches'
function: respiration , filter feeding
37
mandible forms a ____ articulation with cranial skeleton
movable
38
columella
transmission of sound from jaw to ear
39
3 middle ear bones
malleus, incus, and stapes
40
Mandibular arch
Branchial Arch I
41
Hyoid Arch
Branchial Arch II
42
Mandibular arch gives rise to which middle ear bones
malleus and incus
43
Hyoid Arch gives rise to which middle ear bone
stapes
44
Placodes
special sense organs (nose, eye and ear)
45
Neurogenic
capable of forming neurons
46
Olfactory Placode
develop into sensory neurons; the axons form bundles that ever the olfactory foramina of the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
47
Optic Placode
Future lens of the eye
48
Vestibulocochlear nerve
balance and equilibrium
49
myotomes of the pre otic somites form the muscles that
move the eyeballs
50
the sclerotomes of the post otic somites form the
floor of the brain case
| and their myotomes develop into muscle of the tongue
51
ventricles is lined with and filled with
ependymal cells; cerebrospinal fluid
52
dural sinuses
large collecting veins within folds of dura mater
53
falx cerebri
contains superior and inferior sagittal sinuses
54
falx cerebri attaches to
crista galli (ethnoid bone)
55
cerebrospinal fluid function:
cushion and suspend brain
56
choroid plexus importance:
blood brain barrier
57
medulla oblongata
communication between spinal cord and brain; controls visceral and autonomic functions
58
Tracts
groups of axons
59
Pons
respiratory center
60
cerebellum
posture and automatic processing
61
white matter ____ info
transmits
62
grey matter ____ info
receives
63
Thalamus
sensory info
64
Hypothalamus
emotion
65
diencephalon connects the brain stem to
cerebral hemispheres
66
cerebrum
processing sensory and motor info, speech and thought
67
75% of the sympathetic is due because of the _____ nerve
vagus
68
Dorsal roots of cranial nerves are
sensory
69
Ventral roots of cranial nerves are
motor
70
Retina's 2 receptors
rods and cones
71
Rods
night vision
72
cones
bright lights and colors
73
pupil
allows light to enter eye
74
movement of cue is controlled by
extrinsic muscles and 4 cranial nerves
75
3 tunic layers of the eye
fibrous, vascular, and neural
76
fibrous tunic layer
external layer: sclera and cornea (allows light to enter)
77
Vascular Tunic layer
middle layer; colliery body, iris (adjusts shape of lens, pigmented portion)
78
Neural Tunic Layer
Inner layer (retina)
79
Retina
contains photoreceptors (rods and cones)
80
Tympanic membrane
ear drum
81
Auditory ossicles
malleus, incus, stapes
82
3 components of inner ear
vestibule, cochlea, and three semicircular canals
83
lacrimal gland
tear ducts
84
refracted
bent
85
how many types of cones
3: blue, green, red
86
tympanic cavity is filled with
air
87
hair cells in semicircular ducts
receptors
88
spiral organ on basilar membrane contains rows of
hair cells with sterocilia
89
hearing
perception of sound
90
frequencies is measured in
hertz, number of waves
91
amplitude is measured in
decibels, height of waves
92
intensity is
amount of energy in a wave
93
gustation
receptors in taste buds
94
vertebrate eye aka the
camera eye (lens focuses light on retina)
95
Buccal phase
tongue pushes food toward pharynx
96
Pharyngeal phase
epiglottis closed
97
esophageal phase
forces food down throat
98
larynx
voicebox
99
cell association patterns
epithelial and mesenchymal
100
Epithelial
organized cellular structure
| derived from ectoderm and endoderm.
101
Mesenchymal
disorderly, loosely organized cellular structure.
| derived from mesoderm, so cells are able to move easier
102
Chordate 6 features
DHNT, notochord, pharyngeal slits, segmented body muscle, post anal tail and endostyle
103
Vertebrae features
chordates + neural crest and vertebral column
104
gastrulation
gives rise to 3 primary layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
105
Neurulation
gives rise to dorsal hallow (neural folds) nerve tube occurs same time with notochord
106
Neural Crest
4th germ layer, came from neural form
107
Serous Membrane:
Parietal and visceral
108
Parietal Layer
covers lining of cavities
109
Visceral layer
covers lining of organs
110
Journey of Keratinocyte
keratinocyte are the body's most abundant epithelial cells. It takes about a week for a cell to move from basal to skin. From stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, then stratum corneum
111
Tight junctions
prevents passage of water and solutes
112
Gap Junction
allows for rapid communication, held together by channel proteins
113
Desmosomes
very strong, ties cells together
114
Endochondral Ossification uses a
pres existing cartilage membrane to ossify bone. (occurs in its outer surface)
115
Intramembranous ossification uses
direct mysenchymal cells to ossify bone. (occurs inside the cell for future bone)
116
Osteoblast
create new bone cells
117
Osteoclast
destroys bone cells
118
osteocytes
take care of bone cells
119
Which bones make up the pectoral girdle
clavicle and scapula
120
How the pectoral girdle articulate
it does not have a direct bony connection to the vertebral column, this set up gives us a range of motion because it is supported by muscular attachments that allows us to move since it does involve most of our upper body bones.
121
Which bones make up the pelvic girdle
illium, ischum and pubis.
122
How does pelvic girdle articulate
acetabulum of the femur
123
Stylopod
humerus, femur
124
Zeugopod
radius, ulna, tibia, fibula
125
Autopod
carpals and tarsals
126
re segmentation
successful formation of vertebral disks, 1/2 is composed of somites and 1/2 of neighboring somites which makes vertebral column able to move
127
membrane potential
chemical gradients and the electrical gradients favor entry of Na+ into cell
Na+ are attracted to the negative charges inside of cell
128
graded potential
a change in membrane potential that tends to dissipate
129
action potential
a change that is propagated
130
Na+/K+ pump
3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in
| Balances passive forces of diffusion and controls cell permeability
131
Ion required for depolarization
Na+
132
Na+ is associated with
voltage gated
133
Ion required to release Ach
Ca++
134
Ca++ is associated with
voltage gated channel
135
Depolarization
resting membrane potential towards a more positive value
136
K+
chemically gated
137
dorsal root ganglion
contains cell bodies of sensory neurons relaying information to PNS
138
Somatic Nervous System
voluntary (skeletal muscles)
139
Autonomic Nervous System
Involuntary (internal organs and glands)
140
Sympathetic of ANS
fight or flight
141
Parasympathetic of ANS
rest and digest
142
Dorsal Root Ganglia contains
motor neurons
143
Ventral Root Ganglia contains
Sensory neurons
144
Gray Matter
surrounds central canal
145
white matter
superficial
146
sacromere
arrangement of thin filaments where actin and myosin are present
147
Myofilaments
Myosin and actin
148
Thin filaments
Actin
149
Thick filaments
Myosin
150
ATP required for ____ detachment
Cross bridge
151
Sarcoplasm
cytoplasm of muscle fiber
152
Sacroplasmic Reticulum
calcium releases (by triad) neurotransmitters and triggers muscle contractions
153
muscles of rotator cuff
supraspinatus, subscapularis, infraspinatus and teres minor
154
trapezius muscle
orginally had a visceral function,now it has somatic function
155
major nerves of brachial plexus
radial and ulnar
156
cross bridge activates
myosin
157
lumbosacral plexus
obturator
158
Expaxial
extend
159
hypaxial
flex
160
somite 3 regions
myotome, dermatome and sclerotome
161
sclerotome gives rise to
axial skeleton
162
ventral? rami forms
plexus
163
somatopleure
somatic, parietal serosa
164
splanchopleure
visceral, viscersal serosa
165
folia
cortex of cerebellum
166
corpus collosum
connects hemispheres
167
meninges
dura mater, pia mater, arcnoid
168
girus
ridges in brain
169
teres major
subscapular nerve
170
teres minor
axillary nerve
171
knee flexors
siatic
172
stereocilia
present on apical surface of hair cells, some hair cells also have one kinocilium.
stereocilia contacts the tectorial membrane causing a distortion leading to AP
173
deglutition
food being chewed up
174
dorsal scapular nerve
levator
175
accessory nerve
trapezius
